Effect | References |
Ectoine | |
Ensuring thermostability of cyanophycin synthetase | [39] |
Ensuring the thermostability of the phytase (90° C) | [100] |
Antibodies protection against proteolytic degradation | [9] |
Lowering the melting temperature of DNA | [58] |
Limiting the formation of infectious prions (PrP106–126) causing encephalopathy (in vitro) | [47] |
Activation of proinflammatory reactions in the lung epithelium by stabilizing the membrane signalling platform (ex vivo) | [93] |
Neutrophil apoptosis restoration during pneumonia (in vivo and in vitro) | [88, 89] |
Limiting the penetration of neutrophils into the muscle layer of the intestine after transplantation (in vivo) due to the ability to stabilize macromolecules on the cell surface | [75] |
Macromolecule protection against proteolytic factors (in vitro) | [54] |
Inhibition of HIV replication | [58] |
Stabilization of retrovirus vectors in gene therapy | [26] |
Hydroxyectoine | |
Recombinant proteins protection against degradation, aggregation, change of conformation and freezing | [6] |
Protection of immunotoxins against stress related to freezing and defrosting | [6] |
Increasing the melting temperature of DNA | [57] |
Improving the quality of DNA microarrays | [68] |
Lowering AST level after liver reperfusion (as an ingredient of organ storage solution), (ex vivo) | [11] |
Increase in bile production after reperfusion (as an ingredient of organ storage solution), (ex vivo) | [11] |
Pressure reduction in the portal vein after reperfusion (as an ingredient of the organ storage solution), (ex vivo) | [11] |
Reduction of cellular apoptosis after liver transplantation (as an ingredient of organ storage solution), (ex vivo) | [11] |
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine | |
Enzymes protection against high temperature, freezing and desiccation | [62] |
Reduction of protein fibrillation (Aß42) in Alzheimer’s disease (in vitro) | [47, 53, 81] |
Cryoprotection of umbilical cord blood cells (ex vivo) | [12] |
Reduction of ulcerative areas and inflammatory mediators during colitis due to the ability to stabilize macromolecules (in vivo) | [1] |