Biosynthesis And The Possibility Of Using Ectoine And Hydroxyectoine In Health Care

Effect	References
Ectoine
Supporting the ethanol fermentation process by Zymomonas mobilis	[99]
Halomonas participation in phenol detoxification	[69]
Maintenance of E. coli respiratory activity (in vivo)	[72]
Osmoprotective effect on lactic acid bacteria	[5]
Tolerance to the salinity of transformed tobacco plants	[70]
Increase in the fluidity of cell membranes under extreme conditions	[40]
Increases the distance between lipid molecules and improves the membrane fluidity	[28]
Effect on the synthesis of chaperone proteins (in vivo and in vitro)	[7, 19]
Enterocytes protection against alpha haemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus (in vivo)	[15]
Hydroxyectoine
Protection of Pseudomonas putida against desiccation	[65]
Protection of E. coli against desiccation	[66, 67]
Induction of thermotolerance in E. coli	[64]
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine
Stabilization of E. coli during drying and storage	[63]

Potential possibilities of practical use of ectoine in skin protection

Effect	References
Anti-aging effect (in vivo)	[41]
Skin protection against desiccation (in vivo)	[35]
Anti-aging activity (in vitro), mitochondrial DNA protection and inhibition of skin inflammation caused by ceramides	[17]
Inducing thermal shock proteins and mediation in the proinflammatory response of human epidermal keratinocytes	[19]
Photoprotection against visible light (in vitro)	[13]
Moisturising factor (in vivo)	[71]
UV protection of Langerhans cells (in vivo)	[10]
Blocking the release of ceramides in human epidermal keratinocytes under the influence of UVA	[36]
Skin protection against dehydration caused by surfactants (in vivo)	[18]
Inhibition of melanogenesis	[96]

Proteins protected under stress conditions by ectoine and hydroxyectoine

Protein	Stress	Protein concentration	Concentration of osmolytes	Activity of protein (%)
Lactate dehydrogenase	fast freezing/slow defrosting (4x)	52 μ/ml	1.0 M hydroxyectoine	100
Phosphofructokinase		75 μ/ml	1.0 M ectoine	100
Enolase		50 μ/ml	0.4 M ectoine	100
Glutamate dehydrogenase		350 μ/ml	0.5 M hydroxyectoine	85
Carboxylesterase		200 μ/ml	0.5 M hydroxyectoine	100
Binding protein CD30		1 μ/ml	1.0 M hydroxyectoine	89
Lactate dehydrogenase	incubation at elevated temperature:	52 μ/ml	0.5 M hydroxyectoine	90
Phosphofructokinase		75 μ/ml	1.0 M hydroxyectoine	100
Enolase		50 μ/ml	0.1 M hydroxyectoine	88
Carboxylesterase		200 μ/ml	2.0 M hydroxyectoine	65
Taq polymerase		20 IU/ml	1.0 M hydroxyectoine	45
Monoclonal antibody		–	0.5 M hydroxyectoine	active
RNase A	melting	1 mg/ml	3.0 M hydroxyectoine	increase in Tm by 12 K
Lactate dehydrogenase	freeze-drying	52 μ/ml	1.0 M ectoine	61
Phosphofructokinase		75 μ/ml	1.0 M hydroxyectoine	68
Enolase		50 μ/ml	0.4 M hydroxyectoine	97
Lactate dehydrogenase	H₂O₂ oxidation	200 μ/ml	0.5 M hydroxyectoine	95

Potential possibilities of the practical use of ectoine and hydroxyectoine for protecting macromolecules

Effect	References
Ectoine
Ensuring thermostability of cyanophycin synthetase	[39]
Ensuring the thermostability of the phytase (90° C)	[100]
Antibodies protection against proteolytic degradation	[9]
Lowering the melting temperature of DNA	[58]
Limiting the formation of infectious prions (PrP^106–126) causing encephalopathy (in vitro)	[47]
Activation of proinflammatory reactions in the lung epithelium by stabilizing the membrane signalling platform (ex vivo)	[93]
Neutrophil apoptosis restoration during pneumonia (in vivo and in vitro)	[88, 89]
Limiting the penetration of neutrophils into the muscle layer of the intestine after transplantation (in vivo) due to the ability to stabilize macromolecules on the cell surface	[75]
Macromolecule protection against proteolytic factors (in vitro)	[54]
Inhibition of HIV replication	[58]
Stabilization of retrovirus vectors in gene therapy	[26]
Hydroxyectoine
Recombinant proteins protection against degradation, aggregation, change of conformation and freezing	[6]
Protection of immunotoxins against stress related to freezing and defrosting	[6]
Increasing the melting temperature of DNA	[57]
Improving the quality of DNA microarrays	[68]
Lowering AST level after liver reperfusion (as an ingredient of organ storage solution), (ex vivo)	[11]
Increase in bile production after reperfusion (as an ingredient of organ storage solution), (ex vivo)	[11]
Pressure reduction in the portal vein after reperfusion (as an ingredient of the organ storage solution), (ex vivo)	[11]
Reduction of cellular apoptosis after liver transplantation (as an ingredient of organ storage solution), (ex vivo)	[11]
Ectoine and hydroxyectoine
Enzymes protection against high temperature, freezing and desiccation	[62]
Reduction of protein fibrillation (Aß42) in Alzheimer’s disease (in vitro)	[47, 53, 81]
Cryoprotection of umbilical cord blood cells (ex vivo)	[12]
Reduction of ulcerative areas and inflammatory mediators during colitis due to the ability to stabilize macromolecules (in vivo)	[1]

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Biosynthesis And The Possibility Of Using Ectoine And Hydroxyectoine In Health Care

Article Category: article

Pubblicato online: 05 ott 2019

Pagine: 339 - 349

Ricevuto: 01 mar 2019

Accettato: 01 lug 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/PM-2019.58.3.339

© 2019 Weronika Goraj et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Potential possibilities of practical use of ectoine and hydroxyectoine to protect cells

Potential possibilities of practical use of ectoine in skin protection

Proteins protected under stress conditions by ectoine and hydroxyectoine

Potential possibilities of the practical use of ectoine and hydroxyectoine for protecting macromolecules