The Prognostic Utility of Cytokines in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
, , , y | 14 nov 2023
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Article Category: Research Article
Publicado en línea: 14 nov 2023
Páginas: 208 - 217
Recibido: 08 jul 2023
Aceptado: 14 sept 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2023-0025
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© 2023 Ákos Vince Andrejkovits et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Serum cytokine levels in patients with COVID-19 according to the need for ICU transfer
| IFN-γ (pg/ml) | 0.78 (0.64–2.98) | 0.64 (0.64–1.84) | 0.403 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 29.08 (4.69–189.1) | 0.64 (0.64–7.7) | <0.0001 |
| IL-8 (pg/ml) | 11.99 (2.41–37.81) | 1.15 (0.64–5.54) | <0.0001 |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 30.45 (13.16–70.25) | 6.29 (1.16–23.78) | <0.0001 |
| IL-12 (pg/ml) | 0.64 (0.55–1.48) | 0.64 (0.61–1.21) | 0.591 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 21.72 (15.47–33.69) | 19.73 (11.78–30.77) | 0.147 |
Results of the logistic regression analysis regarding the outcome
| IFN-γ | 0.8594 | 0.7494 to 0.9856 | 0.0302 |
| IL-10 | 1.0122 | 1.0026 to 1.0219 | 0.0126 |
| IL-12 | 1.0513 | 0.9849 to 1.1223 | 0.1330 |
| IL-6 | 1.0046 | 1.0008 to 1.0093 | 0.0399 |
| IL-8 | 1.0430 | 1.0175 to 1.0693 | 0.0009 |
| TNF-α | 1.0054 | 0.9626 to 1.0501 | 0.8085 |
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the cohort, grouped by disease severity
| Female sex | 44 | 35 | 0.229 |
| Male sex | 50 | 52 | |
| Age (median) | 64 (21–86) | 64 (24–90) | 0.575 |
| Length of stay (days) | 12 (1–32) | 14 (4–36) | <0.001 |
| Hypoxemia requiring oxygen therapy | 49 (52.12%) | 85 (97.7%) | |
| Arterial hypertension | 56 (59.57%) | 54 (62%) | 0.424 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 22 (23.4%) | 18 (20.68%) | 0.398 |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes | 6 (6.38%) | 15 (17.24%) | 0.230 |
| Non-insulin-dependent diabetes | 14 (14.89%) | 11 (12.64%) | 0.413 |
| COPD | 3 (3.19%) | 2 (2.29%) | 0.537 |
| Asthma | 4 (4.25%) | 4 (4.59%) | 0.596 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 30 (31.91%) | 25 (28.73%) | 0.381 |
| Obesity | 25 (26.59%) | 38 (43.67%) | |
| Chronic renal disease | 3 (3.19%) | 8 (9.19%) | 0.083 |
| ICU transfer | 8 (8.51%) | 27 (31.03%) | |
| Discharged | 87 (92.55%) | 70 (80.45%) | |
| Died | 7 (7.44%) | 17 (19.54%) | |
Results of the logistic regression analysis regarding ICU transfer
| IFN-γ | 0.9212 | 0.8257 to 1.0278 | 0.1419 |
| IL-10 | 1.0114 | 1.0018 to 1.0210 | 0.0196 |
| IL-12 | 0.9977 | 0.9287 to 1.0719 | 0.9503 |
| IL-6 | 1.0080 | 1.0006 to 1.0164 | 0.0409 |
| IL-8 | 1.0353 | 1.0121 to 1.0590 | 0.0026 |
| TNF-α | 0.9871 | 0.9508 to 1.0248 | 0.4959 |
Results of the logistic regression analysis regarding the disease severity
| IFN-γ | 0.9505 | 0.8830 to 1.0232 | 0.1769 |
| IL-10 | 1.0070 | 0.9980 to 1.0161 | 0.1297 |
| IL-12 | 1.0395 | 0.9661 to 1.1184 | 0.2995 |
| IL-6 | 0.9994 | 0.9974 to 1.0015 | 0.5799 |
| IL-8 | 1.0364 | 1.0008 to 1.0743 | 0.0414 |
| TNF-α | 1.0072 | 0.9797 to 1.0355 | 0.6103 |
Cut-off values and ROC analysis for biomarkers with statistical significance in predicting outcome in COVID-19 patients
| IL-6 | 20.14pg/ml | 0.853 (0.793–0.901) | <0.0001 | 75.00 | 87.26 |
| IL-10 | 18.00pg/ml | 0.831 (0.768–0.882) | <0.0001 | 91.67 | 70.70 |
Serum cytokine levels in survivors vs. non-survivors
| IFN-γ (pg/ml) | 0.64 (0.64–1.87) | 0.94 (0.57–2.97) | 0.662 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 0.64 (0.64–7.85) | 38.56 (15.24–714.3) | <0.0001 |
| IL-8 (pg/ml) | 1.1 (0.64–5.41) | 18.89 (7.49–54.89) | <0.0001 |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | 6.76 (0.64–23.82) | 42.45 (27.19–80.85) | <0.0001 |
| IL-12 (pg/ml) | 0.64 (0.59–1) | 0.93 (0.57–2.54) | 0.054 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 18.98 (12.29–29.47) | 25.8 (18.65–35.97) | 0.013 |