Nitrogen supply and shading affect morphology and composition of the essential oil in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Mean temperature, relative humidity and light intensity recorded in the greenhouse during the performance of the study aimed at evaluating the effect of three levels of nitrogen and two percentages of shading during the flowering of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants

Shading (%)	Temperature (°C)	Relative humidity (%)	Light intensity (μmol · m−2 · s−1)
0	19.3	59.5	680
70	21.0	53.3	207

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the flowers of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

Compound	RT (min)	N (mg · L−1)				Shading (%)
		8.47	12.71	16.94		0	70
d-limonene	12.24	ND ± 0.00 b	0.15 ± 0.08 a	0.15 ± 0.07 a		0.10 ± 0.07 a	0.10 ± 0.07 a
Ocimene	12.64	ND ± 0.00 b	0.25 ± 0.13 a	0.27 ± 0.15 a		0.18 ± 0.13 a	0.16 ± 0.12 a
Caryophyllene	19.36	0.49 ± 0.03 a	0.55 ± 0.04 a	0.55 ± 0.06 a		0.61 ± 0.03 a	0.45 ± 0.02 b
Trans-pinene	26.99	ND ± 0.00 c	8.15 ± 4.47 a	1.89 ± 1.03 b		6.69 ± 3.70 a	ND ± 0.00 b
Spathulenol	23.25	1.37 ± 0.75 a	1.09 ± 0.60 b	ND ± 0.00 c		0.91 ± 0.68 a	0.72 ± 0.54 b
Piperitone	16.60	ND ± 0.00 b	0.57 ± 0.31 a	0.54 ± 0.29 a		0.38 ± 0.28 a	0.36 ± 0.27 a
Verbenol	24.32	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	0.35 ± 0.19 a		ND ± 0.00 b	0.23 ± 0.35 a
Compound	RT (min)	N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
		8.47 and 0	8.47 and 70	12.71 and 0	12.71 and 70	16.94 and 0	16.94 and 70
d-limonene	12.24	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	0.30 ± 0.01 a	0.29 ± 0.01 a	ND ± 0.00 b
Ocimene	12.64	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	0.49 ± 0.02 a	0.53 ± 0.01 a	ND ± 0.00 b
Caryophyllene	19.36	0.54 ± 0.02 bc	0.44 ± 0.02 c	0.62 ± 0.01 ab	0.47 ± 0.03 c	0.66 ± 0.03 a	0.44 ± 0.01 c
Trans-pinene	26.99	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	16.30 ± 0.22 a	ND ± 0.00 c	3.77 ± 0.02 b	ND ± 0.00 c
Spathulenol	23.25	2.73 ± 0.04 a	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	2.17 ± 0.03 b	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c
Piperitone	16.60	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	1.13 ± 0.03 a	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	1.07 ± 0.02 a
Verbenol	24.32	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	0.69 ± 0.04 a

Statistical significance of the study factors and their interaction on the components of essential oil of leaves, flowers and stems of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants, treated during 30days with three nitrogen levels and two percentages of shading during flowering

Source of variation

Leaves

d-limonene

Ocimene

Caryophyllene

Sabinene

Carene

β-phellandrene

β-myrcene

α-pinene

Trans-pinene

Terpinolene

Piperitone

γ-elemene

Nitrogen (N)

0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<.00001*

Shading (S)

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

0.1106 ns

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<.00001*

N × S

0.0009*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

Source of variation

Flowers

d-limonene

Ocimene

Caryophyllene

Trans-pinene

Spathulenol

Piperitone

Verbenol

Nitrogen (N)

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

0.0555 ns

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

Shading (S)

0.5939 ns

0.1473 ns

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

0.1292 ns

<0.0001*

N × S

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

0.0015*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

Source of variation

Stems

Caryophyllene

Piperitone

β-farnesene

Nitrogen (N)

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

Shading (S)

0.0004

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

N × S

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

<0.0001*

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the leaves of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

Compound	RT (min)	N (mg · L−1)				Shading (%)
		8.47	12.71	16.94		0	70
d-limonene	12.24	20.33 ± 2.22 a	12.35 ± 0.57 b	6.73 ± 1.85 c		15.19 ± 3.46 a	11.08 ± 2.94 b
Ocimene	12.64	26.43 ± 5.78 a	13.34 ± 2.60 b	10.72 ± 2.79 c		20.41 ± 6.39 a	13.25 ± 2.92 b
Caryophyllene	19.36	ND ± 0.00 c	1.40 ± 0.07 b	1.57 ± 0.22 a		0.83 ± 0.32 b	1.15 ± 0.44 a
Sabinene	10.94	3.54 ± 1.94 a	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b		2.36 ± 1.77 a	ND ± 0.00 b
Carene	13.34	1.50 ± 0.82 b	2.78 ± 0.10 a	1.28 ± 0.70 b		1.78 ± 0.68 a	1.92 ± 0.72 a
β-phellandrene	10.94	ND ± 0.00 c	2.17 ± 0.09 a	1.62 ± 0.37 b		1.48 ± 0.56 a	1.05 ± 0.48 b
β-myrcene	11.36	1.81 ± 0.39 a	1.20 ± 0.05 b	0.73 ± 0.20 c		1.61 ± 0.34 a	0.88 ± 0.20 b
α-pinene	10.00	1.98 ± 0.31 a	1.12 ± 0.04 b	0.61 ± 0.16 c		1.52 ± 0.39 a	ND ± 0.25 b
Trans-pinene	26.99	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	12.40 ± 6.79 a		ND ± 0.00 b	8.27 ± 6.20 a
Terpinolene	13.40	2.64 ± 1.44 a	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b		1.76 ± 1.32 a	ND ± 0.00 b
Piperitone	16.60	15.87 ± 4.24 a	3.81 ± 2.09 c	4.26 ± 2.33 b		10.71 ± 5.18 a	5.25 ± 1.97 b
γ-elemene	21.27	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	0.11 ± 0.06 a		ND ± 0.00 b	0.07 ± 0.06 a
Compound	RT (min)	N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
		8.47 and 0	8.47 and 70	12.71 and 0	12.71 and 70	16.94 and 0	16.94 and 70
d-limonene	12.24	24.13 ± 0.49 a	16.53 ± 1.12 b	11.7 ± 0.67 c	12.46 ± 0.27 bc	9.74 ± 1.20 c	3.71 ± 0.57 d
Ocimene	12.64	36.78 ± 1.64 a	16.07 ± 0.56 b	8.64 ± 0.04 c	18.04 ± 0.60 b	15.80 ± 0.07 b	5.64 ± 0.32 c
Caryophyllene	19.36	ND ± 0.00 d	ND ± 0.00 d	1.31 ± 0.07 bc	1.49 ± 0.04 b	1.18 ± 0.04 c	1.96 ± 0.06 a
Sabinene	10.94	7.08 ± 0.09 a	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b
Carene	13.34	ND ± 0.00 b	2.99 ± 0.08 a	2.79 ± 0.13 a	2.76 ± 0.10 a	2.56 ± 0.09 a	ND ± 0.00 b
β-phellandrene	10.94	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	2.16 ± 0.12 a	2.18 ± 0.08 a	2.27 ± 0.11 a	0.96 ± 0.02 b
β-myrcene	11.36	2.50 ± 0.13 a	1.10 ± 0.02 b	1.23 ± 0.05 b	1.16 ± 0.05 b	1.09 ± 0.05 b	0.36 ± 0.03 c
α-pinene	10.00	2.54 ± 0.08 a	1.42 ± 0.04 b	1.13 ± 0.05 c	1.11 ± 0.03 c	0.89 ± 0.04 c	0.32 ± 0.01 d
Trans-pinene	26.99	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	24.80 ± 0.10 a
Terpinolene	13.40	5.27 ± 0.03 a	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b
Piperitone	16.60	23.6 ± 0.08 a	8.14 ± 0.04 c	ND ± 0.00 e	7.62 ± 0.04 d	8.52 ± 0.05 b	ND ± 0.00 e
γ-elemene	21.27	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	ND ± 0.00 b	0.22 ± 0.03 a

Statistical significance of study factors and their interaction on the morphological variables of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants, treated during 30 days with three nitrogen levels and two percentages of shading during flowering

Source of variation	HSB	NPB	NSB	NOFB	DF
Nitrogen (N)	0.1490 ns	0.0540 ns	<0.0001*	0.9253 ns	0.0005*
Shading (S)	<0.0001*	0.0052*	0.9779 ns	<0.0001*	0.1602 ns
N × S	0.0494*	0.0463*	0.0030*	<0.0001*	0.0037*

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the stems of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

Compound	RT (min)	N (mg · L−1)				Shading (%)
		8.47	12.71	16.94		0	70
Caryophyllene	19.44	ND ± 0.00 c	1.27 ± 0.70 a	1.14 ± 0.62 b		0.76 ± 0.57 b	0.85 ± 0.64 a
Piperitone	16.53	3.15 ± 1.73 b	ND ± 0.00 c	5.80 ± 0.17 a		4.13 ± 1.55 a	1.84 ± 1.38 b
β-farnesene	20.03	ND ± 0.00 c	2.37 ± 0.49 b	2.75 ± 0.06 a		1.45 ± 0.62 b	1.97 ± 0.75 a
Compound	RT (min)	N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
		8.47 and 0	8.47 and 70	12.71 and 0	12.71 and 70	16.94 and 0	16.94 and 70
Caryophyllene	19.44	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	2.54 ± 0.05 a	2.28 ± 0.01 b	ND ± 0.00 c
Piperitone	16.53	6.3 ± 0.10 a	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	ND ± 0.00 c	6.08 ± 0.04 a	5.51 ± 0.08 b
β-farnesene	20.03	ND ± 0.00 e	ND ± 0.00 e	1.48 ± 0.04 d	3.26 ± 0.02 a	2.85 ± 0.03 b	2.64 ± 0.02 c

Chemical compounds of the essential oil of leaves, flowers, and stems of marigold (T_ erecta L_) ‘Inca’ plants, treated with three levels of nitrogen and two percentages of shading during flowering

Compound	RT (min)	Compound	RT (min)
d-limonene	12.24	Trans-pinene	26.99
Ocimene	12.64	Terpinolene	13.40
Caryophyllene	19.36	Piperitone	16.60
Sabinene	10.94	γ-elemene	21.27
Carene	13.34	Spathulenol	23.25
β-phellandrene	10.94	Verbenone	24.32
β-myrcene	11.36	β-farnesene	20.03
α-pinene	10.00