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Nitrogen supply and shading affect morphology and composition of the essential oil in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

María G. Peralta-Sánchez
María G. Peralta-Sánchez
, 
Fernando C. Gómez-Merino
Fernando C. Gómez-Merino
, 
Olga Tejeda-Sartorius
Olga Tejeda-Sartorius
, 
Gabriel Alcántar-González
Gabriel Alcántar-González
, 
J. Cruz García-Albarado
J. Cruz García-Albarado
 and 
Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez
   | Oct 07, 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Oct 07, 2020
Page range: 241 - 254
Received: Apr 26, 2020
Accepted: Sep 07, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2020-0022
Keywords
© 2020 María G. Peralta-Sánchez et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

The number of secondary branches (A) and diameter of flowers (B) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).
The number of secondary branches (A) and diameter of flowers (B) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 2

Height of side branches (A), number of primary branches (B) and number of opened flower buds (C) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different levels of shading (0 and 70%) in the greenhouse. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).
Height of side branches (A), number of primary branches (B) and number of opened flower buds (C) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different levels of shading (0 and 70%) in the greenhouse. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3

Height of side branches (A), number of primary (B) and secondary (C) branches in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).
Height of side branches (A), number of primary (B) and secondary (C) branches in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 4

The number of opened flower buds (A) and diameter of flowers (B) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution and percentages of shading (0 and 70%) in the greenhouse. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).
The number of opened flower buds (A) and diameter of flowers (B) in marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ after 30 days of treatments with different nitrogen concentrations (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1) in the nutrient solution and percentages of shading (0 and 70%) in the greenhouse. Means ± DE with different letters in each subfigure indicates statistical significance (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05).

Mean temperature, relative humidity and light intensity recorded in the greenhouse during the performance of the study aimed at evaluating the effect of three levels of nitrogen and two percentages of shading during the flowering of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants

Shading (%)Temperature (°C)Relative humidity (%)Light intensity (μmol · m−2 · s−1)
019.359.5680
7021.053.3207

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the flowers of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1)Shading (%)
8.4712.7116.94070
d-limonene12.24ND ± 0.00 b0.15 ± 0.08 a0.15 ± 0.07 a0.10 ± 0.07 a0.10 ± 0.07 a
Ocimene12.64ND ± 0.00 b0.25 ± 0.13 a0.27 ± 0.15 a0.18 ± 0.13 a0.16 ± 0.12 a
Caryophyllene19.360.49 ± 0.03 a0.55 ± 0.04 a0.55 ± 0.06 a0.61 ± 0.03 a0.45 ± 0.02 b
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 c8.15 ± 4.47 a1.89 ± 1.03 b6.69 ± 3.70 aND ± 0.00 b
Spathulenol23.251.37 ± 0.75 a1.09 ± 0.60 bND ± 0.00 c0.91 ± 0.68 a0.72 ± 0.54 b
Piperitone16.60ND ± 0.00 b0.57 ± 0.31 a0.54 ± 0.29 a0.38 ± 0.28 a0.36 ± 0.27 a
Verbenol24.32ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.35 ± 0.19 aND ± 0.00 b0.23 ± 0.35 a
CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
8.47 and 08.47 and 7012.71 and 012.71 and 7016.94 and 016.94 and 70
d-limonene12.24ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.30 ± 0.01 a0.29 ± 0.01 aND ± 0.00 b
Ocimene12.64ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.49 ± 0.02 a0.53 ± 0.01 aND ± 0.00 b
Caryophyllene19.360.54 ± 0.02 bc0.44 ± 0.02 c0.62 ± 0.01 ab0.47 ± 0.03 c0.66 ± 0.03 a0.44 ± 0.01 c
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c16.30 ± 0.22 aND ± 0.00 c3.77 ± 0.02 bND ± 0.00 c
Spathulenol23.252.73 ± 0.04 aND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c2.17 ± 0.03 bND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c
Piperitone16.60ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b1.13 ± 0.03 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b1.07 ± 0.02 a
Verbenol24.32ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.69 ± 0.04 a

Statistical significance of the study factors and their interaction on the components of essential oil of leaves, flowers and stems of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants, treated during 30days with three nitrogen levels and two percentages of shading during flowering

Source of variationLeaves
d-limoneneOcimeneCaryophylleneSabineneCareneβ-phellandreneβ-myrceneα-pineneTrans-pineneTerpinolenePiperitoneγ-elemene
Nitrogen (N)0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<.00001*
Shading (S)<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*0.1106 ns<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<.00001*
N × S0.0009*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Source of variationFlowers
d-limoneneOcimeneCaryophylleneTrans-pineneSpathulenolPiperitoneVerbenol
Nitrogen (N)<0.0001*<0.0001*0.0555 ns<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Shading (S)0.5939 ns0.1473 ns<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*0.1292 ns<0.0001*
N × S<0.0001*<0.0001*0.0015*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Source of variationStems
CaryophyllenePiperitoneβ-farnesene
Nitrogen (N)<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*
Shading (S)0.0004<0.0001*<0.0001*
N × S<0.0001*<0.0001*<0.0001*

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the leaves of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1)Shading (%)
8.4712.7116.94070
d-limonene12.2420.33 ± 2.22 a12.35 ± 0.57 b6.73 ± 1.85 c15.19 ± 3.46 a11.08 ± 2.94 b
Ocimene12.6426.43 ± 5.78 a13.34 ± 2.60 b10.72 ± 2.79 c20.41 ± 6.39 a13.25 ± 2.92 b
Caryophyllene19.36ND ± 0.00 c1.40 ± 0.07 b1.57 ± 0.22 a0.83 ± 0.32 b1.15 ± 0.44 a
Sabinene10.943.54 ± 1.94 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b2.36 ± 1.77 aND ± 0.00 b
Carene13.341.50 ± 0.82 b2.78 ± 0.10 a1.28 ± 0.70 b1.78 ± 0.68 a1.92 ± 0.72 a
β-phellandrene10.94ND ± 0.00 c2.17 ± 0.09 a1.62 ± 0.37 b1.48 ± 0.56 a1.05 ± 0.48 b
β-myrcene11.361.81 ± 0.39 a1.20 ± 0.05 b0.73 ± 0.20 c1.61 ± 0.34 a0.88 ± 0.20 b
α-pinene10.001.98 ± 0.31 a1.12 ± 0.04 b0.61 ± 0.16 c1.52 ± 0.39 aND ± 0.25 b
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b12.40 ± 6.79 aND ± 0.00 b8.27 ± 6.20 a
Terpinolene13.402.64 ± 1.44 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b1.76 ± 1.32 aND ± 0.00 b
Piperitone16.6015.87 ± 4.24 a3.81 ± 2.09 c4.26 ± 2.33 b10.71 ± 5.18 a5.25 ± 1.97 b
γ-elemene21.27ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.11 ± 0.06 aND ± 0.00 b0.07 ± 0.06 a
CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
8.47 and 08.47 and 7012.71 and 012.71 and 7016.94 and 016.94 and 70
d-limonene12.2424.13 ± 0.49 a16.53 ± 1.12 b11.7 ± 0.67 c12.46 ± 0.27 bc9.74 ± 1.20 c3.71 ± 0.57 d
Ocimene12.6436.78 ± 1.64 a16.07 ± 0.56 b8.64 ± 0.04 c18.04 ± 0.60 b15.80 ± 0.07 b5.64 ± 0.32 c
Caryophyllene19.36ND ± 0.00 dND ± 0.00 d1.31 ± 0.07 bc1.49 ± 0.04 b1.18 ± 0.04 c1.96 ± 0.06 a
Sabinene10.947.08 ± 0.09 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b
Carene13.34ND ± 0.00 b2.99 ± 0.08 a2.79 ± 0.13 a2.76 ± 0.10 a2.56 ± 0.09 aND ± 0.00 b
β-phellandrene10.94ND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c2.16 ± 0.12 a2.18 ± 0.08 a2.27 ± 0.11 a0.96 ± 0.02 b
β-myrcene11.362.50 ± 0.13 a1.10 ± 0.02 b1.23 ± 0.05 b1.16 ± 0.05 b1.09 ± 0.05 b0.36 ± 0.03 c
α-pinene10.002.54 ± 0.08 a1.42 ± 0.04 b1.13 ± 0.05 c1.11 ± 0.03 c0.89 ± 0.04 c0.32 ± 0.01 d
Trans-pinene26.99ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b24.80 ± 0.10 a
Terpinolene13.405.27 ± 0.03 aND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b
Piperitone16.6023.6 ± 0.08 a8.14 ± 0.04 cND ± 0.00 e7.62 ± 0.04 d8.52 ± 0.05 bND ± 0.00 e
γ-elemene21.27ND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 bND ± 0.00 b0.22 ± 0.03 a

Statistical significance of study factors and their interaction on the morphological variables of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants, treated during 30 days with three nitrogen levels and two percentages of shading during flowering

Source of variationHSBNPBNSBNOFBDF
Nitrogen (N)0.1490 ns0.0540 ns<0.0001*0.9253 ns0.0005*
Shading (S)<0.0001*0.0052*0.9779 ns<0.0001*0.1602 ns
N × S0.0494*0.0463*0.0030*<0.0001*0.0037*

The area under the curve (%) of the chemical compounds of the essential oil present in the stems of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants treated with three levels of nitrogen and two shading percentages during flowering

CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1)Shading (%)
8.4712.7116.94070
Caryophyllene19.44ND ± 0.00 c1.27 ± 0.70 a1.14 ± 0.62 b0.76 ± 0.57 b0.85 ± 0.64 a
Piperitone16.533.15 ± 1.73 bND ± 0.00 c5.80 ± 0.17 a4.13 ± 1.55 a1.84 ± 1.38 b
β-farnesene20.03ND ± 0.00 c2.37 ± 0.49 b2.75 ± 0.06 a1.45 ± 0.62 b1.97 ± 0.75 a
CompoundRT (min)N (mg · L−1) and shading (%)
8.47 and 08.47 and 7012.71 and 012.71 and 7016.94 and 016.94 and 70
Caryophyllene19.44ND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c2.54 ± 0.05 a2.28 ± 0.01 bND ± 0.00 c
Piperitone16.536.3 ± 0.10 aND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 cND ± 0.00 c6.08 ± 0.04 a5.51 ± 0.08 b
β-farnesene20.03ND ± 0.00 eND ± 0.00 e1.48 ± 0.04 d3.26 ± 0.02 a2.85 ± 0.03 b2.64 ± 0.02 c

Chemical compounds of the essential oil of leaves, flowers, and stems of marigold (T. erecta L.) ‘Inca’ plants, treated with three levels of nitrogen and two percentages of shading during flowering

CompoundRT (min)CompoundRT (min)
d-limonene12.24Trans-pinene26.99
Ocimene12.64Terpinolene13.40
Caryophyllene19.36Piperitone16.60
Sabinene10.94γ-elemene21.27
Carene13.34Spathulenol23.25
β-phellandrene10.94Verbenone24.32
β-myrcene11.36β-farnesene20.03
α-pinene10.00
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