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- 2453-7829
- Erstveröffentlichung
- 16 Apr 2016
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Thinking and behaving “Otherwise”: An anthropological enquiry into utopia, image and ethics
Seitenbereich: 3 - 10
Zusammenfassung
The word “utopia” was coined by Thomas More and refers to the unreal and ideal state described in his
Schlüsselwörter
- utopia
- image
- imagination
- imagery
- ethics
- education
- Hans Jonas
- Marie-José Mondzain
- Jean-Jacques Wunenburger
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“Verbindlichkeit”: Some drafts of a groundwork in moral philosophy
Seitenbereich: 11 - 16
Zusammenfassung
All of metaethical positions today can be replaced by a universal architecture of moral philosophy, all but one: moral realism. Here, I use the term “metaethics” to refer to any theory of ethics concerning the groundwork of ethics, on the one hand, and the inquiry of the use of philosophical words, concepts or methods on the other. In this article, I will present my hypothesis that in moral philosophy, we do not need any specialized metaethics at all. Metaethics as a discipline of philosophy is only required by the work of moral realists, who try to show us a realm of values and norms that exist (per se) naturally, non-naturally or supernaturally. How can they know? The effort of metaethical realists cannot be proven either in ontology or in the philosophy of language or in cognitive science or in any meta-science that works
Schlüsselwörter
- groundwork
- transcendental critique
- pragmatism
- ubiquity
- universality
- personalism
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The rules of the rationality of practical discourse in the light of ethics of discourse: An analysis of Robert Alexy’s proposal
Seitenbereich: 17 - 25
Zusammenfassung
The author discusses the rational argumentation of the values from a proposal defended by the legal philosopher Robert Alexy. The paper shows that discourse for Alexy is essentially a regulated activity. A model of certain rules ensure the rationality and correctness of practical discourse oriented towards resolving conflicts of value. Firstly, the types of rules responsible for the rationality of practical argumentation are described. Secondly, some open problems relating to the claim to correctness of reasoned practical discourse are posed, namely problems derived from the idea of consensus and that of a single correct answer to certain practical issues that include conflicts of values and raise basic disagreements.
Schlüsselwörter
- discourse ethics
- deliberative democracy
- model of rules
- correctness
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Effective altruism for the poor
Seitenbereich: 27 - 35
Zusammenfassung
The aim of the paper is to contribute to the debate on effective altruism. It is an attempt to present it as a universal moral proposition – not only a new charity model for the richest citizens of the world. The article starts with a definition of a hypothetical group of relatively-poor effective altruists. Their hypothetical living conditions and opportunities are juxtaposed with the theory of effective altruism developed by Peter Singer and William MacAskill and with career guides proposed by 80000hours.org – one of the websites gathering effective altruists. In the last part, selected practices for relatively poor effective altruists are described. The conclusion of the paper is, that although most of the reflections behind the concept of effective altruism are developed for the richest people in the world, it is a universal ethical position that can be applied into lives of relatively poor people, whose contribution should not be underestimated.
Schlüsselwörter
- effective altruism
- Singer
- MacAskill
- ethical career
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On the search for sources of good and evil in the Lvov-Warsaw School of Philosophy
Seitenbereich: 37 - 45
Zusammenfassung
In this article, the author attempts to identify the sources of good and evil as undertaken by the Lvov-Warsaw School of Philosophy (LWSP) founded by Kazimierz Twardowski. Such attempts were undertaken by both Twardowski himself and his closest students and associates; Władysław Witwicki, Tadeusz Kotarbiński. Tadeusz Czeżowski, and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. The best-known approach is Kotarbiński’s independent ethics in which the author refers to Aristotle perceiving such potential in the characteristics of each individual as to distinguish elementary qualities in the form of opposites including opposition to good and evil. According to this approach, man acts in an evil manner because he stops following the natural voice of his own heart and instead implements set proposals provided by external factors. In the opinion of the author, the proposals formulated within the LWSP can form the basis for a rational explanation of the atrocities committed during World War II which modern ethics, being focused on neutral metaethical issues, fails to do.
Schlüsselwörter
- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz
- Tadeusz Kotarbinski
- Kazimierz Twardowski
- ładysław Witwicki
- the Lvov-Warsaw School
- ethics
- sources of good and evil
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The ethical dimension of consumption in a relationship
Seitenbereich: 47 - 56
Zusammenfassung
In the present thesis the characteristics of current consumer society are presented in the context of female-male relationships and any inter-human relationships. It has been shown that the ideology of consumption may have an impact on the changeability of female-male relationships, as well as on the stereotypical division of roles in a relationship. The importance of consumer ethics has here been emphasised. For this purpose, the model of erotic ethos, based on sexual aesthetics, has been discussed in this article. This model is connected with the contemporary consumption model, in which one can compare material product consumption with relationship consumption. It seems that consumer ethics concerning relationships not only should consider current changes, but also, in the context of a relationship, bear in mind life ethos and sexual aesthetics.
Schlüsselwörter
- consumer ethics
- consumer society
- ethical consumption
- life ethos
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Modernism and nihilism of the Constitution for the Earth
Seitenbereich: 57 - 63
Zusammenfassung
This article uses the post-modern Nietzsche affirmation as a criterion for an analysis of the philosophical concept of the Constitution for the Earth (Šmajs, 2015) and other texts by Josef Šmajs, the principal author of the theory of evolutionary ontology. The author draws the attention of the group of authors of the Constitution for the Earth to the risk of the modernist and nihilist application of evolutionary ontology and proposes that the theory be extended to include new criteria and methods to enable it to be applied in a more acceptable manner. The author places efforts aimed at the biophilic transformation of culture into the value-based and ethical framework of moderate anthropocentrism instead of the ecocentric approach preferred by the creators of evolutionary ontology. The author also underlines the risk of the application of an ecocentric approach through the application of recent analysis of media presentations of those who support and deny climate change in the work entitled Environmental Ethics and Behavioural Change (Franks, Hanscomb & Johnston, 2018).
Schlüsselwörter
- evolutionary ontology
- ethics
- culture
- nihilism
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Animalization of language, therefore death of a man
Seitenbereich: 65 - 69
Zusammenfassung
In the article, I try to emphasize that our way of using language affects moral decisions and attitudes. As we think as we speak and simultaneously, we act. By using chauvinistic language, first of all, we simplify our reality; secondly, we push those beings that we define in the language to the margins. I think that our language is homocentric and therefore leads us to speciesism.
Schlüsselwörter
- language
- ethics
- morality
- animal rights
- animal welfare
- interest
- speciesism
- acts of speech
- performatives
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Transhumanism and the issue of death
Seitenbereich: 71 - 80
Zusammenfassung
The human issue with the concept of finality constitutes a fundamental platform for the philosophical concept of transhumanism. This paper addresses the historical-philosophical perspective of transhumanism with emphasis put on the 18th and 19th centuries, whereby possible anticipatory actions with respect to transhumanist thought are analyzed. In this sense, the need for a philosophical reflection on transhumanism is justified. The main part of this paper is aimed at philosophical and ethical questions related to cryonics as being one of the most dominant and feasible transhumanist practices. The characteristics and critical analysis of cryonics focuses on the problem of understanding death from a philosophical standpoint.
Schlüsselwörter
- transhumanism
- death
- culture
- Enlightenment
- history of philosophy
- cryonics
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Brain death: A response to the commentaries
Seitenbereich: 81 - 85
Zusammenfassung
My recent article, “The challenge of brain death for the sanctity of life ethic” (
Schlüsselwörter
- definition of death
- brain death
- sanctity of life
- organ transplantation
- Jahi McMath
- Ireneusz Ziemiński
- Piotr Grzegorz Nowak
- Katarína Komenská
- Ján Kalajtzidis
- Vilius Dranseika and Ivars Neiders
- Uneingeschränkter Zugang
Different approaches to the relationship of life & death (review of articles)
Seitenbereich: 87 - 97
Zusammenfassung
The paper presents different approaches to the relationship of life and death among selected authors as a review of their articles within the last volume of the Ethics & Bioethics (in Central Europe) journal. The resource of the review is an article by Peter Singer
Schlüsselwörter
- death
- humanity
- dignity
- ethics of social consequences
- quality of life