This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Barry, E., & Lemola, J. (2019, April 12). The right's new rallying cry in Finland: ‘Climate Hysteria’. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/world/europe/finland-populism-immigration-climate-change.htmlBarryE.LemolaJ.2019April12The right's new rallying cry in Finland: ‘Climate Hysteria’https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/world/europe/finland-populism-immigration-climate-change.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661BennettW. L.SegerbergA.2012The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics155739768https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.67066110.1017/CBO9781139198752Search in Google Scholar
Blee, K., & Currier, A. (2006). How local social movement groups handle a presidential election. Qualitative Sociology, 29(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-006-9025-xBleeK.CurrierA.2006How local social movement groups handle a presidential election293261280https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-006-9025-x10.1007/s11133-006-9025-xSearch in Google Scholar
Cammaerts, B., Mattoni, A., & McCurdy, P. (2013). Mediation and protest movements. Intellect.CammaertsB.MattoniA.McCurdyP.2013IntellectSearch in Google Scholar
Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication, 1(1), 238–266.CastellsM.2007Communication, power and counter-power in the network society11238266Search in Google Scholar
Chadwick, A. (2017). Systemic hybridity in the mediation of the American presidential campaign. In A. Chadwick, The hybrid media system: Politics and power (2nd ed.). Oxford Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.0008ChadwickA.2017Systemic hybridity in the mediation of the American presidential campaignInChadwickA.2nd ed.Oxford Scholarship Onlinehttps://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.000810.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Chen, T. H. Y., Salloum, A., Gronow, A., Ylä-Anttila, T., & Kivelä, M. (2020). Polarization of climate politics results from partisan sorting: Evidence from Finnish Twittersphere. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.02706.ChenT. H. Y.SalloumA.GronowA.Ylä-AnttilaT.KiveläM.2020Polarization of climate politics results from partisan sorting: Evidence from Finnish Twittersphere10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102348Search in Google Scholar
Christensen, H. S. (2011). Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means? First Monday, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i2.3336ChristensenH. S.2011Political activities on the Internet: Slacktivism or political participation by other means?162https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i2.333610.5210/fm.v16i2.3336Search in Google Scholar
Della Porta, D., & Tarrow, S. (1986). Unwanted children: Political violence and the cycle of protest in Italy, 1966–1973. European Journal of Political Research, 14(5–6), 607–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1986.tb00852.xDella PortaD.TarrowS.1986Unwanted children: Political violence and the cycle of protest in Italy, 1966–1973145–6607632https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1986.tb00852.x10.1111/j.1475-6765.1986.tb00852.xSearch in Google Scholar
Diani, M. (2000). Social movement networks: Virtual and real. Information, Communication and Society, 3(3), 386–401.DianiM.2000Social movement networks: Virtual and real3338640110.1080/13691180051033333Search in Google Scholar
Earl, J. (2019). Technology and social media. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 289–305). John Wiley & Sons.EarlJ.2019Technology and social mediaInSnowD. A.SouleS. A.KriesiH.McCammonH. J.(Eds.),289305John Wiley & Sons10.1002/9781119168577.ch16Search in Google Scholar
Eduskunta [Parliament of Finland]. (2019). Kansanedustajat. Entiset kansanedustajat. Tilastotietoa entisistä kansanedustajista. Eduskuntaryhmien voimasuhteet vaalikauden 2015–2018 päättyessä [Parliament members. Statistics on former parliament members. Power relations of parliamentary groups at the end of the 2015–2018 parliamentary term]. https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/entiset_kansanedustajat/tilastotietoa-entisista-edustajista/Sivut/default.aspx.Eduskunta [Parliament of Finland]2019https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/entiset_kansanedustajat/tilastotietoa-entisista-edustajista/Sivut/default.aspx.Search in Google Scholar
Eduskunta [Parliament of Finland]. (2020). Kansanedustajat. Tilastotietoa kansanedustajista, Eduskuntaryhmien voimasuhteet [Parliament members. Statistics on parliament members. Power relations of parliamentary groups]. https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/tilastot/Sivut/hex8110_Eduskuntaryhmien%20voimasuhteet.aspx.Eduskunta [Parliament of Finland]2020https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/tilastot/Sivut/hex8110_Eduskuntaryhmien%20voimasuhteet.aspxSearch in Google Scholar
Enli, G. S., & Skogerbø, E. (2013). Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication. Information, Communication & Society, 16(5), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330EnliG. S.SkogerbøE.2013Personalized campaigns in party-centred politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication165757774https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.78233010.1080/1369118X.2013.782330Search in Google Scholar
Goldstone, J. A. (2003). Introduction: Bridging institutionalized and noninstitutionalized politics. In J. A. Goldstone (Ed.), States, parties, and social movements (pp. 1–24). Cambridge University Press.GoldstoneJ. A.2003Introduction: Bridging institutionalized and noninstitutionalized politicsInGoldstoneJ. A.(Ed.),124Cambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511625466.002Search in Google Scholar
Howard, P. N., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M. M., Mari, W., & Maziad, M. (2011). Opening closed regimes: What was the role of social media during the Arab Spring?https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2595096HowardP. N.DuffyA.FreelonD.HussainM. M.MariW.MaziadM.2011https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.259509610.2139/ssrn.2595096Search in Google Scholar
Kavada, A. (2013). Internet cultures and protest movements: The cultural links between strategy, organizing and online communication. In B. Cammaerts, A. Mattoni, & P. McCurdy (Eds.), Mediation and protest movements (pp. 75–94). Intellect.KavadaA.2013Internet cultures and protest movements: The cultural links between strategy, organizing and online communicationInCammaertsB.MattoniA.McCurdyP.(Eds.),7594IntellectSearch in Google Scholar
Kavada, A. (2020). Creating the collective: Social media, the occupy movement and its constitution as a collective actor. In A. Karatzogianni, M. Schandorf, & I. Ferra (Eds.), Protest technologies and media revolutions (Digital activism and society: Politics, economy and culture in network communication) (pp. 107–125). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-646-720201009KavadaA.2020Creating the collective: Social media, the occupy movement and its constitution as a collective actorInKaratzogianniA.SchandorfM.FerraI.(Eds.),107125Emerald Publishing Limitedhttps://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-646-72020100910.1108/978-1-83982-646-720201009Search in Google Scholar
Kavada, A., & Poell, T. (2020). From counterpublics to contentious publicness: Tracing the temporal, spatial, and material articulations of popular protest through social Media. Communication Theory, 31(2), 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa025KavadaA.PoellT.2020From counterpublics to contentious publicness: Tracing the temporal, spatial, and material articulations of popular protest through social Media312190208https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa02510.1093/ct/qtaa025Search in Google Scholar
Kekkonen, A., & Ylä-Anttila, T. (2021) Affective blocs: Understanding affective polarization in multiparty systems [Unpublished manuscript].KekkonenA.Ylä-AnttilaT.2021[Unpublished manuscript]10.31235/osf.io/xzunfSearch in Google Scholar
Koivula, A., Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2019). The role of political activity in the formation of online identity bubbles. Policy and Internet, 11(4), 396–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.211KoivulaA.KaakinenM.OksanenA.RäsänenP.2019The role of political activity in the formation of online identity bubbles114396417https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.21110.1002/poi3.211Search in Google Scholar
Korvaamaton. (2019a). Ovatko puolueet tosissaan 1,5 asteen kanssa? Yhteenveto nykyisten eduskuntapuolueiden ilmastolinjauksista [Are parties serious about 1.5 degrees? A summary of the climate policies of current parliamentary parties]. https://www.korvaamaton.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Ovatko-puolueet-tosissaan-15-asteen-kanssa-yhteenveto-nykyisten-eduskuntapuolueiden-ilmastolinjauksista.pdfKorvaamaton2019ahttps://www.korvaamaton.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Ovatko-puolueet-tosissaan-15-asteen-kanssa-yhteenveto-nykyisten-eduskuntapuolueiden-ilmastolinjauksista.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Korvaamaton. (2019b). Mistä kampanjassa on kyse? [What's the campaign about?]. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.korvaamaton.fi/Korvaamaton2019bRetrieved June 15, 2020, from https://www.korvaamaton.fi/Search in Google Scholar
Kriesi, H. (2015). Party systems, electoral systems, and social movements. In D. Della Porta, & M. Diani (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of social movements (pp. 667–680). Oxford University Press.KriesiH.2015Party systems, electoral systems, and social movementsInDella PortaD.DianiM.(Eds.),667680Oxford University PressSearch in Google Scholar
Larsson, A. O. (2017). Going viral? Comparing parties on social media during the 2014 Swedish election. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 23(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856515577891LarssonA. O.2017Going viral? Comparing parties on social media during the 2014 Swedish election232117131https://doi.org/10.1177/135485651557789110.1177/1354856515577891Search in Google Scholar
Marttila, M. (2018). #vainkansanedustajajutut – Kansanedustajien Twitter-käyttö ja sitä selvittävät tekijät [#justparliamentmemberthings – Twitter use of parliament members and explanatory factors]. In P. Isotalus, J. Jussila, J. Matikainen, & M. Boedeker (Eds.), Twitter viestintänä: ilmiöt ja verkostot [Twitter as communication: Phenomena and networks] (pp. 62–85). Vastapaino.MarttilaM.2018#vainkansanedustajajutut – Kansanedustajien Twitter-käyttö ja sitä selvittävät tekijät [#justparliamentmemberthings – Twitter use of parliament members and explanatory factors]InIsotalusP.JussilaJ.MatikainenJ.BoedekerM.(Eds.),6285VastapainoSearch in Google Scholar
Mattoni, A. (2008). Serpica Naro and the others: The media sociali experience in Italian struggles against precarity. PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.5130/portal.v5i2.706MattoniA.2008Serpica Naro and the others: The media sociali experience in Italian struggles against precarity52https://doi.org/10.5130/portal.v5i2.70610.5130/portal.v5i2.706Search in Google Scholar
Mattoni, A., & Ceccobelli, D. (2018). Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis. European Journal of Communication, 33(5), 540–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118784831MattoniA.CeccobelliD.2018Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis335540557https://doi.org/10.1177/026732311878483110.1177/0267323118784831Search in Google Scholar
McAdam, D., & Boudet, H. (2012). Putting social movements in their place: Explaining opposition to energy projects in the United States, 2000–2005. Cambridge University Press.McAdamD.BoudetH.2012Cambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9781139105811Search in Google Scholar
McAdam, D., & Tarrow, S. (2010). Ballots and barricades: On the reciprocal relationship between elections and social movements. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 529–542. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25698616McAdamD.TarrowS.2010Ballots and barricades: On the reciprocal relationship between elections and social movements82529542https://www.jstor.org/stable/2569861610.1017/S1537592710001234Search in Google Scholar
McAdam, D., & Tarrow, S. (2013). Social movements and elections: Toward a broader understanding of the political context of contention. In J. van Stekelenburg, C. Roggeband, & B. Klandermans (Eds.), The future of social movement research: Dynamics, mechanisms and processes (pp. 325–346). University of Minnesota Press.McAdamD.TarrowS.2013Social movements and elections: Toward a broader understanding of the political context of contentionInvan StekelenburgJ.RoggebandC.KlandermansB.(Eds.),325346University of Minnesota Press10.5749/minnesota/9780816686513.003.0019Search in Google Scholar
McAdam, D., & Tarrow, S. (2019). The political context of social movements. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 19–42). John Wiley & Sons.McAdamD.TarrowS.2019The political context of social movementsInSnowD. A.SouleS. A.KriesiH.McCammonH. J.(Eds.),1942John Wiley & Sons10.1002/9781119168577.ch1Search in Google Scholar
McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001). The dynamics of contention. Cambridge University Press.McAdamD.TarrowS.TillyC.2001Cambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511805431Search in Google Scholar
McCurdy, P. M. (2008). Inside the media event: Examining the media practices of Dissent! at the Hori-Zone eco-village at the 2005 G8 Gleneagles Summit. Communications, 33(3), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1515/COMM.2008.019McCurdyP. M.2008Inside the media event: Examining the media practices of Dissent! at the Hori-Zone eco-village at the 2005 G8 Gleneagles Summit333293311https://doi.org/10.1515/COMM.2008.01910.1515/COMM.2008.019Search in Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice Finland. (2019). Europarlamenttivaalit 2019, tulokset, valitut [European Parliament elections 2019, results, elected]. https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/EPV-2019/fi/kokomaaval.htmlMinistry of Justice Finland2019https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/EPV-2019/fi/kokomaaval.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice Finland. (2014). Europarlamenttivaalit 2014, tulokset, valitut [European Parliament elections 2014, results, elected]. https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/EPV2014/fi/kokomaaval.htmlMinistry of Justice Finland2014https://tulospalvelu.vaalit.fi/EPV2014/fi/kokomaaval.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: How not to liberate the world. Penguin UK.MorozovE.2011Penguin UKSearch in Google Scholar
Morris, D. (2003). Globalization and media democracy: The case of indymedia. In D. Schuler, & P. Day (Eds.), Shaping the network society: The new role of civil society in cyberspace (pp. 325–352). MIT Press.MorrisD.2003Globalization and media democracy: The case of indymediaInSchulerD.DayP.(Eds.),325352MIT PressSearch in Google Scholar
Orpo, P. [@petteriorpo]. (2019, September 27). Minusta lasten ja nuorten motiiveja ei ole syytä epäillä. Ylivoimaisesti suurin syy osallistua #ilmastolakko’on… [I don’t think there is a reason for suspicion over the motives of children and youth. By far, the biggest reason to participate in #climatestrike …]. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PetteriOrpo/status/1177548264708685824OrpoP. [@petteriorpo].2019September27Twitterhttps://twitter.com/PetteriOrpo/status/1177548264708685824Search in Google Scholar
Pickard, V. W. (2006). Assessing the radical democracy of Indymedia: Discursive, technical, and institutional constructions. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 23(01), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393180600570691PickardV. W.2006Assessing the radical democracy of Indymedia: Discursive, technical, and institutional constructions23011938https://doi.org/10.1080/0739318060057069110.1080/07393180600570691Search in Google Scholar
Ruoho, I., & Kuusipalo, J. (2018). Läsnäolon valtaa: Politiikan ja median eliittiverkostot Twitterissä [The power of presence: The elite networks of politics and media in Twitter]. In P. Isotalus, J. Jussila, & J. Matikainen (Eds.), Twitter viestintänä: Ilmiöt ja verkostot [Twitter as communication: phenomena and networks] (pp. 51–66). Vastapaino.RuohoI.KuusipaloJ.2018Läsnäolon valtaa: Politiikan ja median eliittiverkostot Twitterissä [The power of presence: The elite networks of politics and media in Twitter]InIsotalusP.JussilaJ.MatikainenJ.(Eds.),5166VastapainoSearch in Google Scholar
Savolainen, S., Ylä-Anttila, T., Luhtakallio, E., & Jokela, M. (2020). Finland. In J. De Moor, K. Uba, M. Wahlström, M. Wennerhag, & M. De Vydt (Eds.), Protest for a future II: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 20–27 September, 2019, in 19 cities around the world. Open Society Foundation. https://osf.io/3hcxs/SavolainenS.Ylä-AnttilaT.LuhtakallioE.JokelaM.2020FinlandInDe MoorJ.UbaK.WahlströmM.WennerhagM.De VydtM.(Eds.),Open Society Foundationhttps://osf.io/3hcxs/10.1057/9781137273246.0011Search in Google Scholar
Sirén, I., Kuokkanen, K., & Malmberg, L. (2019). “Että ne kehtaa!” huusi tuhatpäinen joukko – Ilmastolakko valtasi Eduskuntatalon edustan ja sulki Mannerheimintien [“How dare you!” shouted a group of thousand protestors – The climate strike occupied the front of the parliament house and closed Mannerheimintie]. Helsingin Sanomat. https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006252356.htmlSirénI.KuokkanenK.MalmbergL.2019”Että ne kehtaa!” huusi tuhatpäinen joukko – Ilmastolakko valtasi Eduskuntatalon edustan ja sulki Mannerheimintien [“How dare you!” shouted a group of thousand protestors – The climate strike occupied the front of the parliament house and closed Mannerheimintie]https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006252356.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1968). The making of the English working class. Penguin Books.ThompsonE. P.1968Penguin BooksSearch in Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1964). The vendee. Harvard University Press.TillyC.1964Harvard University PressSearch in Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Addison-Wesley.TillyC.1978Addison-WesleySearch in Google Scholar
Tilly, C., & Tarrow, S. G. (2016). Contentious politics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.TillyC.TarrowS. G.20162nd ed.Oxford University PressSearch in Google Scholar
Tremayne, M. (2014). Anatomy of protest in the digital era: A network analysis of Twitter and Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies, 13(1), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.830969TremayneM.2014Anatomy of protest in the digital era: A network analysis of Twitter and Occupy Wall Street131110126https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2013.83096910.1080/14742837.2013.830969Search in Google Scholar
Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. Yale University Press.TufekciZ.2017Yale University PressSearch in Google Scholar
Vesa, J., Gronow, A., & Ylä-Anttila, T. (2020). The quiet opposition: How the pro-economy lobby influences climate policy. Global Environmental Change, 63, 102117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102117VesaJ.GronowA.Ylä-AnttilaT.2020The quiet opposition: How the pro-economy lobby influences climate policy63102117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.10211710.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102117Search in Google Scholar
Ylä-Anttila, T. (2005). The world social forum and the globalization of social movements and public spheres. Ephemera: Theory and Politics in Organization, 5(2), 423–442.Ylä-AnttilaT.2005The world social forum and the globalization of social movements and public spheres52423442Search in Google Scholar
Zald, M. N., & Berger, M. A. (1978). Social movements in organizations: Coup d’etat, insurgency, and mass movements. American Journal of Sociology, 83(4), 823–861.ZaldM. N.BergerM. A.1978Social movements in organizations: Coup d’etat, insurgency, and mass movements83482386110.1086/226634Search in Google Scholar