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Diabetic foot assessment using skin impedance in a custom made sensor-sock

Christian Tronstad

Christian Tronstad

Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Tronstad, Christian
, 
Maryam Amini

Maryam Amini

Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Amini, Maryam
, 
Eline Olesen

Eline Olesen

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Olesen, Eline
, 
Elisabeth Qvigstad

Elisabeth Qvigstad

  • Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Qvigstad, Elisabeth
, 
Oliver Pabst

Oliver Pabst

Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Pabst, Oliver
, 
Tormod Martinsen

Tormod Martinsen

Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Martinsen, Tormod
, 
Sisay M. Abie

Sisay M. Abie

Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesOslo, Norway
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Abie, Sisay M.
, 
Ørjan G. Martinsen

Ørjan G. Martinsen

  • Department of Physics, University of OsloOslo, Norway
  • Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Martinsen, Ørjan G.
, 
Jonny Hisdal

Jonny Hisdal

  • Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Hisdal, Jonny
, 
Trond G. Jenssen

Trond G. Jenssen

  • Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
  • Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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Jenssen, Trond G.
 und 
Håvard Kalvøy

Håvard Kalvøy

Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University HospitalOslo, Norway
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Kalvøy, Håvard
  
14. Jan. 2023
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Online veröffentlicht: 14. Jan. 2023
Seitenbereich: 136 - 142
Eingereicht: 07. Dez. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2022-0019
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© 2022 Christian Tronstad, Maryam Amini, Eline Olesen, Elisabeth Qvigstad , Oliver Pabst, Tormod Martinsen, Sisay M. Abie, Ørjan G. Martinsen, Jonny Hisdal, Trond G. Jenssen, Håvard Kalvøy, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Screenshot from Eagle CAD design showing the electrode geometry (each grid unit is 1mm).
Screenshot from Eagle CAD design showing the electrode geometry (each grid unit is 1mm).

Figure 2

Axisymmetric 2D distribution of simulated volume impedance density below the electrode for low (a) and high (b) frequency impedance measurement. The color gradient indicates the volume impedance density, presented on a logarithmic scale.
Axisymmetric 2D distribution of simulated volume impedance density below the electrode for low (a) and high (b) frequency impedance measurement. The color gradient indicates the volume impedance density, presented on a logarithmic scale.

Figure 3

CAD design of sensor parts for skin impedance measurement at the big toe (A), toeball (B) and heel (C). The 3D printed parts for sensor housing are shown in D, and all parts connected to the foot are shown in E.
CAD design of sensor parts for skin impedance measurement at the big toe (A), toeball (B) and heel (C). The 3D printed parts for sensor housing are shown in D, and all parts connected to the foot are shown in E.

Figure 4

An example measurement of change in measured skin impedance over 30 minutes using the electrode probe at the big toe pulp of a healthy subject. These measurements were done with the Solartron 1260+1294.
An example measurement of change in measured skin impedance over 30 minutes using the electrode probe at the big toe pulp of a healthy subject. These measurements were done with the Solartron 1260+1294.

Figure 5

Impedance spectra presented as the impedance modulus (|Z|), resistance (R) and reactance (X) for all participants from the control (black) and DPN group (blue). The bumpy curves with the highest impedance in the toeball and heel plots curves are affected by measurement error due to the high impedance levels and do not represent a true frequency-dependency of the skin impedance.
Impedance spectra presented as the impedance modulus (|Z|), resistance (R) and reactance (X) for all participants from the control (black) and DPN group (blue). The bumpy curves with the highest impedance in the toeball and heel plots curves are affected by measurement error due to the high impedance levels and do not represent a true frequency-dependency of the skin impedance.

Figure 6

Comparison of the repeatability of all measurements (control and DPN groups combined) between the different skin sites presented in a boxplot with group means added in grey dots. White dots represent outliers and edges of the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum non-outlier values within the groups. Repeatability was calculated using the log10-transformed impedance modulus at 10 Hz, taking the standard deviation of the successive measurements divided by the mean.
Comparison of the repeatability of all measurements (control and DPN groups combined) between the different skin sites presented in a boxplot with group means added in grey dots. White dots represent outliers and edges of the whiskers represent the minimum and maximum non-outlier values within the groups. Repeatability was calculated using the log10-transformed impedance modulus at 10 Hz, taking the standard deviation of the successive measurements divided by the mean.
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