DDGS | NSP enzyme | SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 16 | 24 | − | + | DDGS | Enzyme | ||
Tenderness Based on a six-point hedonic scale: 1 = very tough/very dry/dislike extremely and 6 = very tender/very juicy/like extremely | 4.21(b) | 4.24(b) | 4.52(a) | 4.39 | 4.26 | 0.06 | 0.053 | 0.295 |
Juiciness Based on a six-point hedonic scale: 1 = very tough/very dry/dislike extremely and 6 = very tender/very juicy/like extremely | 3.98 | 4.01 | 4.19 | 4.16 | 3.96 | 0.06 | 0.306 | 0.074 |
Flavor Based on a six-point hedonic scale: 1 = very tough/very dry/dislike extremely and 6 = very tender/very juicy/like extremely | 3.39 | 3.63 | 3.32 | 3.49 | 3.40 | 0.06 | 0.190 | 0.413 |
DDGS | NSP enzyme | SEM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 16 | 24 | − | + | DDGS | Enzyme | DDGS } Enzyme | ||
Carcassparameters | |||||||||
Dressing, % | 78.1b | 78.7a | 78.4ab | 78.4 | 78.4 | 0.08 | 0.006 | 0.640 | 0.064 |
Evisceratedcarcass, g | 1627.4 | 1666.1 | 1613.9 | 1616.5 | 1655.1 | 11.92 | 0.110 | 0.070 | 0.098 |
Chilledcarcass, g | 1605.6 | 1643.9 | 1592.0 | 1594.5 | 1633.3 | 11.74 | 0.104 | 0.064 | 0.086 |
Carcassforgrilling, g | 1447.6 | 1481.7 | 1432.8 | 1435.6 | 1472.4 | 10.75 | 0.108 | 0.062 | 0.080 |
Abdominal fat, g | 34.5 | 36.0 | 35.0 | 34.9 | 35.4 | 0.51 | 0.483 | 0.584 | 0.442 |
Heart Interaction DDGS } enzyme: DDGS 8% enzyme −: 9.17b g; DDGS 8% enzyme +:9.88a g; DDGS 16% enzyme −: 9.45ab g; DDGS 16% enzyme +: 9.30ab g; DDGS 24% enzyme −: 9.21a(b) g; DDGS 24% enzyme +: 9.44ab g | 9.53 | 9.38 | 9.33 | 9.28 | 9.54 | 0.08 | 0.456 | 0.054 | 0.034 |
Liver Interaction DDGS } enzyme: DDGS 8% enzyme−: 39.9b g; DDGS 8% enzyme +: 47.3a g; DDGS 16% enzyme −: 42.3b g; DDGS 16% enzyme +: 41.8b g; DDGS 24% enzyme −: 41.6b g; DDGS 24% enzyme +: 42.0b g | 43.6 | 42.1 | 41.8 | 41.3 | 43.7 | 0.39 | 0.100 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Gizzard, g | 25.4b | 26.3ab | 26.6a | 26.0 | 26.2 | 0.21 | 0.042 | 0.588 | 0.559 |
Relativeproportion(%)ofcarcasspartscomparedtothecarcassforgrilling | |||||||||
Breast | 27.5 | 27.6 | 28.4 | 27.8 | 28.0 | 0.266 | 0.181 | 0.649 | 0.623 |
Legs | 27.7 | 28.5 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 27.9 | 0.226 | 0.213 | 0.127 | 0.803 |
Wings | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 0.101 | 0.184 | 0.568 | 0.291 |
Remainderofcarcass | 33.8a | 33.2ab | 32.2b | 33.0 | 33.1 | 0.233 | 0.009 | 0.732 | 0.623 |
DDGS | NSPenzyme | SEM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 16 | 24 | − | + | DDGS | Enzyme | DDGS × Enzyme | ||
GrossEnergy, kJ/kgDM | 19,284 | 19,477 | 19,818 | ||||||
Energy, kJ AMEN kg−1 feed as-fed Calculated according to | 11,480 | 11,402 | 11,713 | 11,507 | 11,556 | 332 | 0.494 | 0.828 | 0.535 |
Energyintake, kJ AMEN day−1 | 1,927 | 1,949 | 1,972 | 1,919 | 1,980 | 55 | 0.647 | 0.138 | 0.759 |
Energy/gain, kJ kg−1 | 22,658 | 23,132 | 24,034 | 23,439 | 23,111 | 574 | 0.159 | 0.569 | 0.149 |
ApparentNretention,% | 52.06 | 45.06 | 50.07 | 46.29 | 51.84 | 0.854 | 0.386 | 0.199 | 0.649 |
Digestibility of DM,% | 67.23 | 65.31 | 65.66 | 65.49 | 66.65 | 0.374 | 0.387 | 0.341 | 0.552 |
Starter diet | Grower diet | Finisher diet | DDGS Wheat-corn-DDGS (Agrana, Pischelsdorf, Austria) | Oil Unifrutol® (Garant, P öchlarn, Austria) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%DDGS | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 16 | 24 | ||
SFA SFA is the sum of saturated fatty acids (C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0 + C20:0) | 16.16 | 17.78 | 20.08 | 19.73 | 21.98 | 24.01 | 16.11 | 17.57 | 21.27 | 13.54 | 107.49 |
MUFA MUFA is the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 + C18:1n9 + C18:1n7 + C20:1) | 23.68 | 26.04 | 30.28 | 29.57 | 30.69 | 29.73 | 20.71 | 21.71 | 26.20 | 11.16 | 342.41 |
PUFA PUFA is the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2 + C18:3n3) | 31.08 | 34.75 | 40.06 | 36.45 | 40.30 | 44.81 | 32.44 | 35.11 | 42.54 | 35.40 | 419.66 |
PUFA:SFA | 1.92 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 1.85 | 1.83 | 1.87 | 2.01 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.62 | 3.90 |
C12:0 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 1.09 | 1.15 | 1.76 | 3.60 | 2.11 | 2.30 | 2.84 | 1.68 | 9.26 |
C14:0 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.79 | 1.37 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 1.09 | 0.07 | 4.11 |
C16:0 | 10.26 | 11.58 | 13.35 | 12.47 | 13.82 | 13.72 | 9.48 | 10.41 | 12.65 | 10.47 | 68.89 |
C16:1 | 1.28 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.10 | 0.95 | 1.32 | 1.16 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.18 | n.d. n.d., not detected |
C18:0 | 2.82 | 3.06 | 3.54 | 3.47 | 3.92 | 4.34 | 2.75 | 2.92 | 3.64 | 1.04 | 25.24 |
C18:1n9 | 20.99 | 23.45 | 27.51 | 26.75 | 27.95 | 26.80 | 18.46 | 19.70 | 24.16 | 10.00 | 325.00 |
C18:1n7 | 1.16 | 1.27 | 1.48 | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.30 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 1.14 | 0.66 | 17.41 |
C18:2 | 29.18 | 32.65 | 37.63 | 34.18 | 38.00 | 42.73 | 30.99 | 33.51 | 40.65 | 33.24 | 388.57 |
C18:3n3 | 1.90 | 2.10 | 2.42 | 2.27 | 2.31 | 2.08 | 1.45 | 1.60 | 1.90 | 2.16 | 31.09 |
C20:0 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.14 | n.d. |
C20:1 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.31 | n.d. |
Starterdiet | Growerdiet | Finisherdiet | DDGS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%DDGS | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 16 | 24 | |
DM | 908 | 914 | 907 | 899 | 898 | 900 | 895 | 896 | 906 | 926 |
AMEN, MJ kg−1 Calculated according to | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 8.8 |
CP | 235 | 234 | 230 | 215 | 217 | 216 | 201 | 202 | 206 | 322 |
EE | 75 | 83 | 95 | 90 | 99 | 105 | 77 | 85 | 95 | 90 |
Ash | 53 | 53 | 55 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 49 | 49 | 54 | 58 |
Starch | 355 | 339 | 316 | 375 | 351 | 327 | 408 | 383 | 360 | 45 |
Sugar | 47 | 44 | 39 | 45 | 41 | 37 | 33 | 33 | 28 | 26 |
NDF | 152 | 170 | 194 | 149 | 180 | 200 | 147 | 168 | 201 | 478 |
ADF | 52 | 62 | 68 | 63 | 60 | 68 | 58 | 56 | 67 | 179 |
Lys | 14.9 | 15.0 | 15.4 | 13.6 | 13.9 | 13.4 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 8.2 |
Met | 4.7 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.9 |
Cys | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 5.9 |
Thr | 8.3 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 10.1 |
Trp | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 3.2 |
Val | 10.2 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 14.4 |
Ile | 9.2 | 8.9 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 11.6 |
Leu | 18.1 | 17.8 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.1 | 16.3 | 17.9 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 24 |
Arg | 14.8 | 14.1 | 11.9 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 13.7 |
Ca | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 1.5 |
P | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 9.6 |
Na | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 5.9 |
DDGS | NSP enzyme | SEM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 16 | 24 | − | + | DDGS | Enzyme | DDGS × Enzyme | ||
SFA | 30.29(a) | 29.61(b) | 29.65(b) | 29.74 | 29.96 | 0.12 | 0.033 | 0.354 | 0.799 |
MUFA | 35.84a(b) | 34.81(b) | 32.23c | 34.80 | 33.79 | 0.27 | <0.0001 | 0.011 | 0.894 |
PUFA | 33.94c | 35.76b | 38,35a | 35.52 | 36.51 | 0.28 | <0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.973 |
n3 | 1.98(ab) | 1.91(b) | 2.04(a) | 1.95 | 2.00 | 0.02 | 0.098 | 0.248 | 0.455 |
n6 | 31.91c | 33.67b | 36.31a | 33.54 | 34.39 | 0.27 | <0.0001 | 0.010 | 0.886 |
n6:n3 | 16.21b | 17.69a | 18.04a | 17.35 | 17.28 | 0.18 | <0.0001 | 0.837 | 0.297 |
PUFA:SFA | 1.13c | 1.20b | 1.29a | 1.20 | 1.22 | 0.01 | <0.0001 | 0.215 | 0.998 |
C12:0 | 0.58c | 0.75b | 1.02a | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.03 | <0.0001 | 0.386 | 0.731 |
C14:0 | 0.71c | 0.79b | 0.91a | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.01 | <0.0001 | 0.023 | 0.274 |
C14:1 | 2.33 | 2.14 | 2.15 | 2.14 | 2.26 | 0.06 | 0.340 | 0.321 | 0.828 |
C16:0 | 18.82a | 18.45ab | 17.78b | 18.48 | 18.22 | 0.09 | <0.0001 | 0.105 | 0.906 |
C16:1 | 1.82a | 1.62a | 1.31b | 1.67 | 1.50 | 0.05 | <0.0001 | 0.026 | 0.750 |
C16:1t | 0.40ab | 0.42a | 0.37b | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.017 | 0.648 | 0.987 |
C17:0 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.761 | 0.155 | 0.861 |
C17:1 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.02 | 0.076 | 0.026 | 0.872 |
C18:0 | 9.18 | 8.90 | 8.97 | 8.88 | 9.16 | 0.09 | 0.425 | 0.120 | 0.788 |
C18:1n9 | 27.77a | 27.28a | 25.30b | 27.31 | 26.25 | 0.25 | <0.0001 | 0.017 | 0.967 |
C18:1n7 | 2.33a(b) | 2.21(b) | 2.05c | 2.22 | 2.17 | 0.03 | <0.0001 | 0.296 | 0.595 |
C18:2 | 23.52c | 25.73b | 27.64a | 25.66 | 25.60 | 0.27 | <0.0001 | 0.864 | 0.586 |
C18:3n3 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 0.02 | 0.144 | 0.731 | 0.880 |
C18:3n6 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.003 | 0.775 | 0.060 | 0.513 |
C20:0 | 0.123 | 0.119 | 0.122 | 0.118 | 0.124 | 0.001 | 0.406 | 0.015 | 0.892 |
C20:1 | 0.32a | 0.32a | 0.29b | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.421 | 0.472 |
C20:2 | 0.63b | 0.70ab | 0.77a | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.015 | 0.982 |
C20:3 | 0.84a | 0.71b | 0.68b | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.02 | 0.0007 | 0.134 | 0.345 |
C20:4 | 5.18 | 4.89 | 5.25 | 4.93 | 5.28 | 0.12 | 0.451 | 0.155 | 0.895 |
C22:4 | 1.48 | 1.47 | 1.58 | 1.45 | 1.57 | 0.03 | 0.306 | 0.066 | 0.476 |
C22:5 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.098 | 0.640 | 0.430 |
C22:6 | 0.48(a) | 0.40(b) | 0.42(ab) | 0.41 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.076 | 0.150 | 0.963 |
C24:1 | 0.15a | 0.13ab | 0.12b | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.026 | 0.298 |
DDGS | NSP enzyme | SEM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 16 | 24 | − | + | DDGS | Enzyme | DDGS × Enzyme | ||
DM | 24.82 | 24.90 | 24.63 | 24.82 | 24.75 | 0.08 | 0.361 | 0.640 | 0.734 |
CP | 86.88 | 86.44 | 87.12 | 86.34 | 87.28 | 0.23 | 0.489 | 0.046 | 0.590 |
EE | 4.45 | 4.81 | 4.45 | 4.89 | 4.25 | 0.15 | 0.527 | 0.033 | 0.834 |
Star terdiet | Grower diet | Finisher diet | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% DDGS | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 8 | 16 | 24 |
Feed components, % | |||||||||
Wheat-corn-DDGS | 8.00 | 16.00 | 24.00 | 8.00 | 16.00 | 24.00 | 8.00 | 16.00 | 24.00 |
Soybean meal | 33.41 | 28.50 | 23.60 | 31.04 | 26.13 | 21.23 | 23.74 | 18.84 | 13.93 |
Corn | 50.29 | 46.53 | 42.77 | 51.41 | 47.65 | 43.88 | 57.99 | 54.27 | 50.53 |
Corn gluten | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.00 |
Vegetable oil Unifrutol®, Garant, Pöchlarn, Austria | 5.05 | 5.67 | 6.29 | 6.48 | 7.10 | 7.71 | 4.60 | 5.22 | 5.84 |
Feed lime | 1.288 | 1.411 | 1.534 | 1.134 | 1.257 | 1.381 | 1.184 | 1.307 | 1.431 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.137 | 0.969 | 0.801 | 1.207 | 1.038 | 0.870 | 0.991 | 0.822 | 0.654 |
Salt | 0.226 | 0.180 | 0.134 | 0.277 | 0.182 | 0.136 | 0.230 | 0.184 | 0.138 |
Vitamin premix One kilogram of vitamin premix includes 40,000,000 IU vitamin A, 16,500,000 IU vitamin D, 165,000 mg vitamin E, 13,500 mg vitamin K, 10,000 mg vitamin B1, 25,000 mg vitamin B2, 15,000 mg vitamin B6, 75 mg vitamin B12, 230,000 mg nicotinic acid, 65,000 mg pantothenic acid, 6,500 mg folic acid, 400 mg biotin | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
Trace element premix One kilogram of trace element premix includes 120 g Fe, 120 g Zn, 180 g Mn, 30 g Co, 2 g I, 2 g Co, 0.8 g Se | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 | 0.056 |
L-lysine | 0.203 | 0.311 | 0.418 | 0.137 | 0.245 | 0.352 | 0.040 | 0.147 | 0.254 |
DL-methionine | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.144 | 0.136 | 0.136 | 0.135 | 0.072 | 0.071 | 0.070 |
L-threonine | 0.020 | 0.049 | 0.078 | 0.049 | 0.034 | 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.016 |
Cholin-Cl | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.040 |
Elancoban | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | - | - | - |
Loxidan | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
ZY-Phytase | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
Titanium dioxide | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
DDGS | NSP enzyme | SEM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | 16 | 24 | − | + | DDGS | Enzyme | DDGS × Enzyme | ||
Fattening performance day 1–14 (starterphase) | |||||||||
BW, day 1, g | 43.1 | 43.1 | 43.1 | 43.1 | 43.1 | 0.07 | 0.986 | 0.812 | 0.939 |
BW, day 14, g | 430.4 | 442.7 | 435.8 | 435.3 | 437.4 | 3.77 | 0.522 | 0.808 | 0.876 |
ADG, g day−1 | 26.5 | 28.3 | 27.3 | 27.5 | 27.3 | 0.34 | 0.149 | 0.741 | 0.744 |
ADFI, g day−1 | 36.2 | 37.0 | 35.9 | 36.8 | 35.9 | 0.33 | 0.462 | 0.209 | 0.714 |
FCR, g g−1 | 1.37(a) | 1.31(b) | 1.32(ab) | 1.34 | 1.32 | 0.01 | 0.044 | 0.239 | 0.856 |
Fattening performance day 14–28 (grower phase) | |||||||||
BW, day 28, g | 1,404 | 1,448 | 1,408 | 1,402 | 1,439 | 11.5 | 0.244 | 0.125 | 0.587 |
ADG, g day−1 | 69.2 | 71.8 | 69.3 | 69.0 | 71.2 | 0.66 | 0.212 | 0.099 | 0.643 |
ADFI, g day−1 | 112.6 | 115.3 | 112.2 | 113.7 | 113.1 | 0.89 | 0.303 | 0.723 | 0.617 |
FCR, g g−1 | 1.63 | 1.61 | 1.62 | 1.65 | 1.59 | 0.01 | 0.761 | 0.016 | 0.824 |
Fattening performance day 28–36 (finisher phase) | |||||||||
BW, day 36, g Individual instead of pen-wise determination of BW | 2,078 | 2,118 | 2,059 | 2,059 | 2,111 | 14.4 | 0.240 | 0.044 | 0.176 |
ADG Interaction DDGS × enzyme: DDGS 8% enzyme −: 80.5b g; DDGS 8% enzyme +: 90.1a g; DDGS 16% enzyme −: 84.3ab g; DDGS 16% enzyme +: 84.4ab g; DDGS 24% enzyme −: 81.4b g; DDGS 24% enzyme +: 82.9b g | 85.3 | 84.3 | 82.2 | 82.1 | 85.8 | 0.86 | 0.104 | 0.005 | 0.008 Interaction DDGS × enzyme: DDGS 8% enzyme −: 80.5b g; DDGS 8% enzyme +: 90.1a g; DDGS 16% enzyme −: 84.3ab g; DDGS 16% enzyme +: 84.4ab g; DDGS 24% enzyme −: 81.4b g; DDGS 24% enzyme +: 82.9b g |
ADFI, g day−1 | 167.9 | 171.1 | 168.4 | 166.9 | 171.4 | 1.31 | 0.500 | 0.074 | 0.386 |
FCR Interaction DDGS × enzyme: DDGS 8% enzyme −: 2.03a g g−1; DDGS 8% enzyme +: 1.91b g g−1; DDGS 16% enzyme −: 2.02a(b) g g−1; DDGS 16% enzyme +: 2.04a g g−1; DDGS 24% enzyme −: 2.06a g g−1; DDGS 24% enzyme +: 2.04a g g−1 | 1.97b | 2.03a(b) | 2.05a | 2.03 | 2.00 | 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.074 | 0.025 Interaction DDGS × enzyme: DDGS 8% enzyme −: 2.03a g g−1; DDGS 8% enzyme +: 1.91b g g−1; DDGS 16% enzyme −: 2.02a(b) g g−1; DDGS 16% enzyme +: 2.04a g g−1; DDGS 24% enzyme −: 2.06a g g−1; DDGS 24% enzyme +: 2.04a g g−1 |
Fattening performance day 1–36 | |||||||||
ADG, g day−1 | 54.7(b) | 57.2(a) | 55.1(ab) | 55.1 | 56.3 | 0.47 | 0.073 | 0.197 | 0.911 |
ADFI, g day−1 | 93.1 | 96.5 | 94.2 | 94.5 | 94.6 | 0.75 | 0.162 | 0.946 | 0.882 |
FCR, g g−1 | 1.66 | 1.75 | 1.77 | 1.75 | 1.70 | 0.01 | 0.749 | 0.733 | 0.221 |