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Prevention of Pneumonia due to Ventilator in Critical Patients with U Shape Oral Hygiene Model: A Systematic Review


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Figure 1.

Data extraction chart.
Data extraction chart.

Figure 2.

The effect of a toothbrush, toothbrush combined with CHX and other oral care, and CHX only on VAP transmission in ICU.
The effect of a toothbrush, toothbrush combined with CHX and other oral care, and CHX only on VAP transmission in ICU.

A summary of the characteristic result of the included studies on the use of toothbrushing in oral care for ventilated patients.

No. Author & Date Treatment Subject Methodology Intervention Control Group Outcome
1 Snyders et al., (2011) Oral care with chlorhexidine 1930 adult patients with ventilator Meta-analysis Chlorohexidine 0.12% and chlorohexidine 2% concentration Placebo, toothbrushing, oral rinse, Listerine Chlorohexidine showed a beneficial effect in preventing VAP with a 2% dose being the most effective
2 Grap et al. (2011) Chlorhexidine 145 trauma patients with ventilator Randomised controlled trial 5 ml chlorhexidine Oral care without chlorhexidine In trauma patients, chlorohexidine may significantly reduce VAP and a single swab can be useful as an alternative way to reduce VAP
3 Tuon et al. (2016) Chlorohexidine 16 patients with ventilator Randomised controlled trial (double-blind) Oral washing with 15 ml of 2% chlorohexidine gluconate Placebo (mouth washing using 0.9% NaCl solution) When compared to the control group, the intervention group had a minimal incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
4 Cutler & Sluman (2014) Toothbrushing and chlorohexidine 528 ventilated patients A historical controlled study Toothbrushing and 1% chlorohexidine - The expected and observed incidence of VAP after a change in oral care indicated a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01)
5 Kusahara et al. (2012) Chlorhexidine 96 paediatric patients with ventilator Prospective, RCT, double-blind clinical trial 46 participants used a toothbrush and antibacterial gel twice daily (chlorohexidine) 50 placebo samples were brushed with non-antiseptic gel for 12 hours. In a sample of children on mechanical ventilation, 0.12% chlorohexidine revealed insignificance to reduce the prevalence of VAP
6 Silva et al. (2021) Toothbrushing and chlorhexidine 796 patients Meta-analysis Chlorohexidine with toothbrushing Chlorohexidine Based on meta-analysis, chlorohexidine effects a lower risk of VAP incidence than chlorohexidine alone
7 Ory et al. (2016) Toothbrushing 2,030 ventilated patients in ICU Cohort study Caregiver using foam stick in period 1 (chlorohexidine) Caregiver using stick and toothbrushing with aspiration (chlorohexidine) Oral health improved considerably from the third day of intervention with a toothbrush in period 2. The probability of VAP decreased significantly between the two periods
8 Conley et al., (2013) Toothbrushing using toothpaste and CHG 75 patients with ventilator Prospective study RCT Brushing teeth with toothpaste and using 0.12% chlorohexidine gluconate solution every 12 hours - Toothbrushing with toothpaste and applying chlorohexidine gluconate may be effective in reducing the VAP rate
9 de Lacerda Vidal et al. (2017) Toothbrushing and chlorhexidine 213 patients with ventilator Prospective RCT Toothbrushing with 0.12% chlorohexidine gel every 12 hours 0.12% chlorohexidine every 12 hours The brushing combined with 0.12% chlorhexidine gel minimised the prevalence of VAP during the follow-up period, however, the deviation was statistically insignificant (p=0.084)
10 Sankaran & Sonis (2021) Toothbrushing 4473 patients Meta-analysis 0.12% Chlorohexidine, bicarbonate rinse + toothbrushing, Listerine, furacilin, povidone-iodine Placebo/usual The result showed that toothbrushing, brushing teeth with povidone-iodine, and were three oral care interventions that can prevent VAP
11 Nasiriani et al. (2016) Toothbrushing 168 patients with ventilator Randomised controlled trial Brushing teeth twice a day with distilled water and a child’s toothbrush Routine oral care The findings revealed a substantial difference in the prevalence of VAP on day 5 of intervention between both of the groups
12 Gu et al. (2012) Toothbrushing 828 patients with ventilator Meta-analysis Toothbrushing Without toothbrushing The intervention was an insignificant effect on minimising mortality of VAP or intensive care unit
13 Hayashida et al. (2016) Toothbrushing and cleaning the mucosa 45 patients with ventilator Observation with intervention Toothbrushing, interdental brushing, tongue mucosal surface cleaning, and also irrigation - Brushing and washing the mucosa did not minimise oral bacteria, but watering the oral cavity and oropharynx dramatically reduced it to 105 cfu/ml (p < 0.001)
14 Lorente et al. (2012) Toothbrushing and CHX 436 patients with ventilator Randomised controlled trial 0.12% chlorohexidine injection into the oral cavity and manual brushing Injection of 0.12% chlorohexidine into the oral cavity Statistically, there was an insignificance difference in the prevalence of VAP in both of the groups with brushing vs. without brushing
15 Berry et al. (2013) Oral care with mouthwash (Listerine, natrium bicarbonate) 398 patients with ventilator A prospective randomised controlled trial Group B (6.5 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1 L mouthwash in 20 ml sterile water) Group C (20 ml Listerine mouthwash instilled twice a day and sterile water) Every two hours, rinse your mouth with 20 ml of of water On day 4, there was an insignificant difference in dental plaque colonisation in both the control and intervention groups (p = 0.243).
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Medicine, Clinical Medicine, other, Surgery, Anaesthesiology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive-Care Medicine