Fact-checkers and the news media: A Nordic perspective on propaganda

Altheide, D. L. (2004). Media logic and political communication. Political Communication, 21(3), 293–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481307 Altheide D. L. ( 2004 ). Media logic and political communication . Political Communication , 21 ( 3 ), 293 – 296 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481307 Search in Google Scholar

Asp, K. (2014). News media logic in a new institutional perspective. Journalism Studies, 15(3), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.889456 Asp K. ( 2014 ). News media logic in a new institutional perspective . Journalism Studies , 15 ( 3 ), 256 – 270 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.889456 Search in Google Scholar

Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2018). Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election. Information, Communication & Society, 21(7), 940–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783 Beam M. A. Hutchens M. J. Hmielowski J. D. ( 2018 ). Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election . Information, Communication & Society , 21 ( 7 ), 940 – 958 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783 Search in Google Scholar

Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press. Benkler Y. Faris R. Roberts H. ( 2018 ). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics . Oxford University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Bradshaw, S., Howard, P. N., Kollanyi, B., & Neudert, L.-M. (2020). Sourcing and automation of political news and information over social media in the United States, 2016–2018. Political Communication, 37(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1663322 Bradshaw S. Howard P. N. Kollanyi B. Neudert L.-M. ( 2020 ). Sourcing and automation of political news and information over social media in the United States, 2016–2018 . Political Communication , 37 ( 2 ), 173 – 193 . https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1663322 Search in Google Scholar

Dawson, A., & Innes, M. (2019). How Russia’s internet research agency built its disinformation campaign. The Political Quarterly, 90(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12690 Dawson A. Innes M. ( 2019 ). How Russia’s internet research agency built its disinformation campaign . The Political Quarterly , 90 ( 2 ), 245 – 256 . https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12690 Search in Google Scholar

Ekström, M., & Westlund, O. (2019). The dislocation of news journalism: A conceptual framework for the study of epistemologies of digital journalism. Media and Communication, 7(1), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763 Ekström M. Westlund O. ( 2019 ). The dislocation of news journalism: A conceptual framework for the study of epistemologies of digital journalism . Media and Communication , 7 ( 1 ), 259 – 270 . https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763 Search in Google Scholar

Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ellul J. ( 1973 ). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes . Vintage Books . Search in Google Scholar

Enli, G., & Syvertsen, T. (2020). The media welfare state: Why such a concept, what is it used for, does it have a future? Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 2(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2020-0004 Enli G. Syvertsen T. ( 2020 ). The media welfare state: Why such a concept, what is it used for, does it have a future? Nordic Journal of Media Studies , 2 ( 1 ), 37 – 45 . https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2020-0004 Search in Google Scholar

European Commission. (2021a, May 21). Call for proposals: Integrity of social media. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/funding/call-proposals-integrity-social-media European Commission. ( 2021a , May 21 ). Call for proposals: Integrity of social media . https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/funding/call-proposals-integrity-social-media Search in Google Scholar

European Commission. (2021b, May 26). Guidance on strengthening the code of practice on disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/guidance-strengthening-code-practice-disinformation European Commission. ( 2021b , May 26 ). Guidance on strengthening the code of practice on disinformation . https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/guidance-strengthening-code-practice-disinformation Search in Google Scholar

European Commission. (2022, June 16). 2022 strengthened code of practice on disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation European Commission. ( 2022 , June 16 ). 2022 strengthened code of practice on disinformation . https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation Search in Google Scholar

Falch-Nilsen, K. (2017, March 21). Historisk samarbeid om faktasjekking [Historical cooperation on fact-checking]. NRK. https://www.nrk.no/kultur/historisk-samarbeid-om-faktasjekking-1.13438305 Falch-Nilsen K. ( 2017 , March 21 ). Historisk samarbeid om faktasjekking [Historical cooperation on fact-checking] . NRK . https://www.nrk.no/kultur/historisk-samarbeid-om-faktasjekking-1.13438305 Search in Google Scholar

Gorwa, R. (2019). Computational propaganda in Poland: False amplifiers and the digital public sphere. Computational Propaganda Research Project. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af07953-0b5f-4c84-bbb4-3c89e4446857 Gorwa R. ( 2019 ). Computational propaganda in Poland: False amplifiers and the digital public sphere . Computational Propaganda Research Project . https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af07953-0b5f-4c84-bbb4-3c89e4446857 Search in Google Scholar

Graves, L. (2012). Deciding what’s true: Fact-checking journalism and the new ecology of news. Columbia University. Graves L. ( 2012 ). Deciding what’s true: Fact-checking journalism and the new ecology of news . Columbia University . Search in Google Scholar

Graves, L. (2018). Boundaries not drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movement. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1196602 Graves L. ( 2018 ). Boundaries not drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movement . Journalism Studies , 19 ( 5 ), 613 – 631 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1196602 Search in Google Scholar

Graves, L., & Anderson, C. (2020). Discipline and promote: Building infrastructure and managing algorithms in a “structured journalism” project by professional fact-checking groups. New Media & Society, 22(2), 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856916 Graves L. Anderson C. ( 2020 ). Discipline and promote: Building infrastructure and managing algorithms in a “structured journalism” project by professional fact-checking groups . New Media & Society , 22 ( 2 ), 342 – 360 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856916 Search in Google Scholar

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867 Hallin D. C. Mancini P. ( 2004 ). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics . Cambridge University Press . https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867 Search in Google Scholar

Humprecht, E., Esser, F., & Van Aelst, P. (2020). Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 493–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126 Humprecht E. Esser F. Van Aelst P. ( 2020 ). Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research . The International Journal of Press/Politics , 25 ( 3 ), 493 – 516 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126 Search in Google Scholar

Humprecht, E., Esser, F., Van Aelst, P., Staender, A., & Morosoli, S. (2021). The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: Analyzing patterns of resilience. Information, Communication & Society, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744 Humprecht E. Esser F. Van Aelst P. Staender A. Morosoli S. ( 2021 ). The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: Analyzing patterns of resilience . Information, Communication & Society , 1 – 21 . https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744 Search in Google Scholar

IFCN (International Fact-Checking Network). (2023). Code of principles. https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/know-more/the-commitments-of-the-code-of-principles IFCN (International Fact-Checking Network). ( 2023 ). Code of principles . https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/know-more/the-commitments-of-the-code-of-principles Search in Google Scholar

Joint Committee on Tourism, Culture, Arts, Sport and Media. (2022, February 23). Haugen hearing [Video]. Houses of the Oireachtas. https://media.heanet.ie/page/298d45cc82244a19b8458b08d48902b3 Joint Committee on Tourism, Culture, Arts, Sport and Media. ( 2022 , February 23 ). Haugen hearing [Video]. Houses of the Oireachtas . https://media.heanet.ie/page/298d45cc82244a19b8458b08d48902b3 Search in Google Scholar

Karppinen, K. (2013). Rethinking media pluralism. Fordham University Press. Karppinen K. ( 2013 ). Rethinking media pluralism . Fordham University Press . Search in Google Scholar

Kivinen, K., Horowitz, M. A., Havula, P., Härkönen, T., Kiili, C., Kivinen, E., Pönkä, H., Pörsti, J., Salo, M., Vuorikari, R., & Vahti, J. (2022). Digital information literacy guide: A digital information literacy guide for citizens in the digital age. FaktaBaariEDU. https://faktabaari.fi/dil/digital-information-literacy-guide.pdf Kivinen K. Horowitz M. A. Havula P. Härkönen T. Kiili C. Kivinen E. Pönkä H. Pörsti J. Salo M. Vuorikari R. Vahti J. ( 2022 ). Digital information literacy guide: A digital information literacy guide for citizens in the digital age . FaktaBaariEDU . https://faktabaari.fi/dil/digital-information-literacy-guide.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Leith, S. (2022, August 22). Sanna Marin and the rise of fake controversy. The Spectator. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/sanna-marin-and-the-rise-of-fake-controversy?fbclid=IwA R1TFVgxWPjE75jF2wShlr0AKB4ISNcHnl3sBQJwrEDJq3gHTYmucNpMcns Leith S. ( 2022 , August 22 ). Sanna Marin and the rise of fake controversy . The Spectator . https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/sanna-marin-and-the-rise-of-fake-controversy?fbclid=IwA R1TFVgxWPjE75jF2wShlr0AKB4ISNcHnl3sBQJwrEDJq3gHTYmucNpMcns Search in Google Scholar

Mayerhöffer, E., Belluati, M., DeCillia, B., d’Haenens, L., Fubini, A., Lo, W. H., Núñez-Mussa, E., Ólafsson, J. G., & Rega, R. (2022). Countering misinformation in and from the newsroom: How digital platforms redefine journalistic practice and the democratic role of news media. In J. Trappel, & T. Tomaz (Eds.), Success and failure in news media performance: Comparative analysis in the Media for Democracy Monitor 2021 (pp. 35–58). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855589-2 Mayerhöffer E. Belluati M. DeCillia B. d’Haenens L. Fubini A. Lo W. H. Núñez-Mussa E. Ólafsson J. G. Rega R. ( 2022 ). Countering misinformation in and from the newsroom: How digital platforms redefine journalistic practice and the democratic role of news media . In Trappel J. Tomaz T. (Eds.), Success and failure in news media performance: Comparative analysis in the Media for Democracy Monitor 2021 (pp. 35 – 58 ). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg . https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855589-2 Search in Google Scholar

McNair, B. (2018). Fake news: Falsehood, fabrication and fantasy in journalism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142036 McNair B. ( 2018 ). Fake news: Falsehood, fabrication and fantasy in journalism . Routledge . https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142036 Search in Google Scholar

Media Council. (n.d.). Media council for children and young people. https://www.medieraadet.dk/en Media Council. (n.d.). Media council for children and young people . https://www.medieraadet.dk/en Search in Google Scholar

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage. Miles M. B. Huberman A. M. ( 1994 ). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook ( 2nd ed. ). Sage . Search in Google Scholar

National Audiovisual Institute. (n.d.). National audiovisual institute. https://kavi.fi/en/ National Audiovisual Institute. (n.d.). National audiovisual institute . https://kavi.fi/en/ Search in Google Scholar

National Emergency Supply Agency. (2023). Security of supply in Finland. https://www.huoltovarmuuskeskus.fi/en/security-of-supply National Emergency Supply Agency. ( 2023 ). Security of supply in Finland . https://www.huoltovarmuuskeskus.fi/en/security-of-supply Search in Google Scholar

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. Reuters Institute. (2021). Reuters Institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021 Newman N. Fletcher R. Schulz A. Andı S. Robertson C. T. Nielsen R. K. Reuters Institute. ( 2021 ). Reuters Institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism University of Oxford . https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021 Search in Google Scholar

Norwegian Media Authority. (n.d.). About the Norwegian media authority. https://www.medietilsynet.no/english/ Norwegian Media Authority. (n.d.). About the Norwegian media authority . https://www.medietilsynet.no/english/ Search in Google Scholar

OECD Data. (2023). Trust in government [Indicator]. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/gga/trust-in-government.htm OECD Data. ( 2023 ). Trust in government [Indicator] . Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/gga/trust-in-government.htm Search in Google Scholar

Ohlsson, J., Blach-Ørsten, M., & Willig, I. (2021). Covid-19 och de nordiska nyhetsmedierna [Covid-19 and the Nordic news media]. Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855473 Ohlsson J. Blach-Ørsten M. Willig I. ( 2021 ). Covid-19 och de nordiska nyhetsmedierna [Covid-19 and the Nordic news media] . Nordicom , University of Gothenburg . https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855473 Search in Google Scholar

Paul, C., & Matthews, M. (2016). The Russian “firehose of falsehood” propaganda model: Why it might work and options to counter it. RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/PE198 Paul C. Matthews M. ( 2016 ). The Russian “firehose of falsehood” propaganda model: Why it might work and options to counter it . RAND Corporation . https://doi.org/10.7249/PE198 Search in Google Scholar

Poell, T., Nieborg, D., & van Dijck, J. (2019). Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425 Poell T. Nieborg D. van Dijck J. ( 2019 ). Platformisation . Internet Policy Review , 8 ( 4 ). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425 Search in Google Scholar

Reporters Without Borders. (2022). Freedom of the press index. https://rsf.org/en/index Reporters Without Borders. ( 2022 ). Freedom of the press index . https://rsf.org/en/index Search in Google Scholar

Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage. Saldaña J. ( 2009 ). The coding manual for qualitative researchers . Sage . Search in Google Scholar

SitraFund. (2022, May 24). Faktabaari forum, May 24th 2022 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7a0OphjKdg SitraFund. ( 2022 , May 24 ). Faktabaari forum, May 24th 2022 [Video] . YouTube . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7a0OphjKdg Search in Google Scholar

Swedish Media Council. (2022). About the Swedish media council. https://www.statensmedierad.se/ovrigt/about-the-swedish-media-council Swedish Media Council. ( 2022 ). About the Swedish media council . https://www.statensmedierad.se/ovrigt/about-the-swedish-media-council Search in Google Scholar

Syvertsen, T., Enli, G., Mjøs, O. J., & Moe, H. (2014). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001 Syvertsen T. Enli G. Mjøs O. J. Moe H. ( 2014 ). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era . University of Michigan Press . https://doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001 Search in Google Scholar

van Herpen, M. H. (2016). Putin’s propaganda machine: Soft power and Russian foreign policy. Rowman & Littlefield. van Herpen M. H. ( 2016 ). Putin’s propaganda machine: Soft power and Russian foreign policy . Rowman & Littlefield . Search in Google Scholar

Volchek, D., & Sindelar, D. (2015, March 25). One professional Russian troll tells all. Radio Free Europe; Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-guide-russian-trolling-trolls/26919999.html Volchek D. Sindelar D. ( 2015 , March 25 ). One professional Russian troll tells all . Radio Free Europe ; Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-guide-russian-trolling-trolls/26919999.html Search in Google Scholar

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559 Vosoughi S. Roy D. Aral S. ( 2018 ). The spread of true and false news online . Science , 359 ( 6380 ), 1146 – 1151 . https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559 Search in Google Scholar

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html Wardle C. Derakhshan H. ( 2017 ). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making . Council of Europe . https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html Search in Google Scholar

Woolley, S. C. (2022). Digital propaganda: The power of influencers. Journal of Democracy, 33(3), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2022.0027 Woolley S. C. ( 2022 ). Digital propaganda: The power of influencers . Journal of Democracy , 33 ( 3 ), 115 – 129 . https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2022.0027 Search in Google Scholar

Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.001.0001 Woolley S. C. Howard P. N. (Eds.). ( 2018 ). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media . Oxford University Press . https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

York, C., Ponder, J. D., Humphries, Z., Goodall, C., Beam, M., & Winters, C. (2020). Effects of fact-checking political misinformation on perceptual accuracy and epistemic political efficacy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(4), 958–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019890119 York C. Ponder J. D. Humphries Z. Goodall C. Beam M. Winters C. ( 2020 ). Effects of fact-checking political misinformation on perceptual accuracy and epistemic political efficacy . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 97 ( 4 ), 958 – 980 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019890119 Search in Google Scholar