This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Altheide, D. L. (2004). Media logic and political communication. Political Communication, 21(3), 293–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481307AltheideD. L.(2004).Media logic and political communication.Political Communication,21(3),293–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600490481307Search in Google Scholar
Asp, K. (2014). News media logic in a new institutional perspective. Journalism Studies, 15(3), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.889456AspK.(2014).News media logic in a new institutional perspective.Journalism Studies,15(3),256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.889456Search in Google Scholar
Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2018). Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election. Information, Communication & Society, 21(7), 940–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783BeamM. A.HutchensM. J.HmielowskiJ. D.(2018).Facebook news and (de)polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election.Information, Communication & Society,21(7),940–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444783Search in Google Scholar
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.BenklerY.FarisR.RobertsH. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics.Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bradshaw, S., Howard, P. N., Kollanyi, B., & Neudert, L.-M. (2020). Sourcing and automation of political news and information over social media in the United States, 2016–2018. Political Communication, 37(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1663322BradshawS.HowardP. N.KollanyiB.NeudertL.-M.(2020).Sourcing and automation of political news and information over social media in the United States, 2016–2018.Political Communication,37(2),173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1663322Search in Google Scholar
Dawson, A., & Innes, M. (2019). How Russia’s internet research agency built its disinformation campaign. The Political Quarterly, 90(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12690DawsonA.InnesM.(2019).How Russia’s internet research agency built its disinformation campaign.The Political Quarterly,90(2),245–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12690Search in Google Scholar
Ekström, M., & Westlund, O. (2019). The dislocation of news journalism: A conceptual framework for the study of epistemologies of digital journalism. Media and Communication, 7(1), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763EkströmM.WestlundO.(2019).The dislocation of news journalism: A conceptual framework for the study of epistemologies of digital journalism.Media and Communication,7(1),259–270. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i1.1763Search in Google Scholar
Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books.EllulJ. (1973). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes.Vintage Books.Search in Google Scholar
Enli, G., & Syvertsen, T. (2020). The media welfare state: Why such a concept, what is it used for, does it have a future? Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 2(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2020-0004EnliG.SyvertsenT.(2020).The media welfare state: Why such a concept, what is it used for, does it have a future?Nordic Journal of Media Studies,2(1),37–45. https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2020-0004Search in Google Scholar
European Commission. (2021a, May 21). Call for proposals: Integrity of social media. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/funding/call-proposals-integrity-social-mediaEuropean Commission.(2021a,May21).Call for proposals: Integrity of social media. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/funding/call-proposals-integrity-social-mediaSearch in Google Scholar
European Commission. (2021b, May 26). Guidance on strengthening the code of practice on disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/guidance-strengthening-code-practice-disinformationEuropean Commission.(2021b,May26).Guidance on strengthening the code of practice on disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/guidance-strengthening-code-practice-disinformationSearch in Google Scholar
European Commission. (2022, June 16). 2022 strengthened code of practice on disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformationEuropean Commission.(2022,June16).2022 strengthened code of practice on disinformation. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformationSearch in Google Scholar
Falch-Nilsen, K. (2017, March 21). Historisk samarbeid om faktasjekking [Historical cooperation on fact-checking]. NRK. https://www.nrk.no/kultur/historisk-samarbeid-om-faktasjekking-1.13438305Falch-NilsenK.(2017,March21).Historisk samarbeid om faktasjekking [Historical cooperation on fact-checking].NRK. https://www.nrk.no/kultur/historisk-samarbeid-om-faktasjekking-1.13438305Search in Google Scholar
Gorwa, R. (2019). Computational propaganda in Poland: False amplifiers and the digital public sphere. Computational Propaganda Research Project. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af07953-0b5f-4c84-bbb4-3c89e4446857GorwaR. (2019). Computational propaganda in Poland: False amplifiers and the digital public sphere.Computational Propaganda Research Project. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af07953-0b5f-4c84-bbb4-3c89e4446857Search in Google Scholar
Graves, L. (2012). Deciding what’s true: Fact-checking journalism and the new ecology of news. Columbia University.GravesL. (2012). Deciding what’s true: Fact-checking journalism and the new ecology of news.Columbia University.Search in Google Scholar
Graves, L. (2018). Boundaries not drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movement. Journalism Studies, 19(5), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1196602GravesL.(2018).Boundaries not drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movement.Journalism Studies,19(5),613–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1196602Search in Google Scholar
Graves, L., & Anderson, C. (2020). Discipline and promote: Building infrastructure and managing algorithms in a “structured journalism” project by professional fact-checking groups. New Media & Society, 22(2), 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856916GravesL.AndersonC.(2020).Discipline and promote: Building infrastructure and managing algorithms in a “structured journalism” project by professional fact-checking groups.New Media & Society,22(2),342–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856916Search in Google Scholar
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867HallinD. C.ManciniP. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics.Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867Search in Google Scholar
Humprecht, E., Esser, F., & Van Aelst, P. (2020). Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 493–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126HumprechtE.EsserF.Van AelstP.(2020).Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research.The International Journal of Press/Politics,25(3),493–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161219900126Search in Google Scholar
Humprecht, E., Esser, F., Van Aelst, P., Staender, A., & Morosoli, S. (2021). The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: Analyzing patterns of resilience. Information, Communication & Society, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744HumprechtE.EsserF.Van AelstP.StaenderA.MorosoliS.(2021).The sharing of disinformation in cross-national comparison: Analyzing patterns of resilience.Information, Communication & Society,1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2006744Search in Google Scholar
IFCN (International Fact-Checking Network). (2023). Code of principles. https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/know-more/the-commitments-of-the-code-of-principlesIFCN (International Fact-Checking Network). (2023). Code of principles. https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/know-more/the-commitments-of-the-code-of-principlesSearch in Google Scholar
Joint Committee on Tourism, Culture, Arts, Sport and Media. (2022, February 23). Haugen hearing [Video]. Houses of the Oireachtas. https://media.heanet.ie/page/298d45cc82244a19b8458b08d48902b3Joint Committee on Tourism, Culture, Arts, Sport and Media.(2022,February23).Haugen hearing [Video]. Houses of the Oireachtas. https://media.heanet.ie/page/298d45cc82244a19b8458b08d48902b3Search in Google Scholar
Karppinen, K. (2013). Rethinking media pluralism. Fordham University Press.KarppinenK. (2013). Rethinking media pluralism.Fordham University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kivinen, K., Horowitz, M. A., Havula, P., Härkönen, T., Kiili, C., Kivinen, E., Pönkä, H., Pörsti, J., Salo, M., Vuorikari, R., & Vahti, J. (2022). Digital information literacy guide: A digital information literacy guide for citizens in the digital age. FaktaBaariEDU. https://faktabaari.fi/dil/digital-information-literacy-guide.pdfKivinenK.HorowitzM. A.HavulaP.HärkönenT.KiiliC.KivinenE.PönkäH.PörstiJ.SaloM.VuorikariR.VahtiJ. (2022). Digital information literacy guide: A digital information literacy guide for citizens in the digital age.FaktaBaariEDU. https://faktabaari.fi/dil/digital-information-literacy-guide.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Leith, S. (2022, August 22). Sanna Marin and the rise of fake controversy. The Spectator. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/sanna-marin-and-the-rise-of-fake-controversy?fbclid=IwA R1TFVgxWPjE75jF2wShlr0AKB4ISNcHnl3sBQJwrEDJq3gHTYmucNpMcnsLeithS.(2022,August22).Sanna Marin and the rise of fake controversy.The Spectator. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/sanna-marin-and-the-rise-of-fake-controversy?fbclid=IwA R1TFVgxWPjE75jF2wShlr0AKB4ISNcHnl3sBQJwrEDJq3gHTYmucNpMcnsSearch in Google Scholar
Mayerhöffer, E., Belluati, M., DeCillia, B., d’Haenens, L., Fubini, A., Lo, W. H., Núñez-Mussa, E., Ólafsson, J. G., & Rega, R. (2022). Countering misinformation in and from the newsroom: How digital platforms redefine journalistic practice and the democratic role of news media. In J. Trappel, & T. Tomaz (Eds.), Success and failure in news media performance: Comparative analysis in the Media for Democracy Monitor 2021 (pp. 35–58). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855589-2MayerhöfferE.BelluatiM.DeCilliaB.d’HaenensL.FubiniA.LoW. H.Núñez-MussaE.ÓlafssonJ. G.RegaR.(2022).Countering misinformation in and from the newsroom: How digital platforms redefine journalistic practice and the democratic role of news media. InTrappelJ.TomazT.(Eds.),Success and failure in news media performance: Comparative analysis in the Media for Democracy Monitor 2021(pp.35–58).Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855589-2Search in Google Scholar
McNair, B. (2018). Fake news: Falsehood, fabrication and fantasy in journalism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142036McNairB. (2018). Fake news: Falsehood, fabrication and fantasy in journalism.Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142036Search in Google Scholar
Media Council. (n.d.). Media council for children and young people. https://www.medieraadet.dk/enMedia Council. (n.d.).Media council for children and young people. https://www.medieraadet.dk/enSearch in Google Scholar
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage.MilesM. B.HubermanA. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook(2nd ed.).Sage.Search in Google Scholar
National Audiovisual Institute. (n.d.). National audiovisual institute. https://kavi.fi/en/National Audiovisual Institute. (n.d.).National audiovisual institute. https://kavi.fi/en/Search in Google Scholar
National Emergency Supply Agency. (2023). Security of supply in Finland. https://www.huoltovarmuuskeskus.fi/en/security-of-supplyNational Emergency Supply Agency. (2023). Security of supply in Finland. https://www.huoltovarmuuskeskus.fi/en/security-of-supplySearch in Google Scholar
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. Reuters Institute. (2021). Reuters Institutedigital news report2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021NewmanN.FletcherR.SchulzA.AndıS.RobertsonC. T.NielsenR. K.Reuters Institute. (2021). Reuters Institute digital news report 2021. Reuters Institute for the Study of JournalismUniversity of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021Search in Google Scholar
Norwegian Media Authority. (n.d.). About the Norwegian media authority.https://www.medietilsynet.no/english/Norwegian Media Authority. (n.d.).About the Norwegian media authority. https://www.medietilsynet.no/english/Search in Google Scholar
OECD Data. (2023). Trust in government [Indicator]. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/gga/trust-in-government.htmOECD Data. (2023). Trust in government [Indicator]. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/gga/trust-in-government.htmSearch in Google Scholar
Ohlsson, J., Blach-Ørsten, M., & Willig, I. (2021). Covid-19 och de nordiska nyhetsmedierna [Covid-19 and the Nordic news media]. Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855473OhlssonJ.Blach-ØrstenM.WilligI. (2021). Covid-19 och de nordiska nyhetsmedierna [Covid-19 and the Nordic news media].Nordicom,University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855473Search in Google Scholar
Paul, C., & Matthews, M. (2016). The Russian “firehose of falsehood” propaganda model: Why it might work and options to counter it. RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/PE198PaulC.MatthewsM. (2016). The Russian “firehose of falsehood” propaganda model: Why it might work and options to counter it.RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/PE198Search in Google Scholar
Poell, T., Nieborg, D., & van Dijck, J. (2019). Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425PoellT.NieborgD.van DijckJ.(2019).Platformisation.Internet Policy Review,8(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425Search in Google Scholar
Reporters Without Borders. (2022). Freedom of the press index. https://rsf.org/en/indexReporters Without Borders. (2022). Freedom of the press index. https://rsf.org/en/indexSearch in Google Scholar
Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.SaldañaJ. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers.Sage.Search in Google Scholar
SitraFund. (2022, May 24). Faktabaari forum, May 24th 2022 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7a0OphjKdgSitraFund.(2022,May24).Faktabaari forum, May 24th 2022 [Video].YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7a0OphjKdgSearch in Google Scholar
Swedish Media Council. (2022). About the Swedish media council. https://www.statensmedierad.se/ovrigt/about-the-swedish-media-councilSwedish Media Council. (2022). About the Swedish media council. https://www.statensmedierad.se/ovrigt/about-the-swedish-media-councilSearch in Google Scholar
Syvertsen, T., Enli, G., Mjøs, O. J., & Moe, H. (2014). Themedia welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001SyvertsenT.EnliG.MjøsO. J.MoeH. (2014). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era.University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001Search in Google Scholar
van Herpen, M. H. (2016). Putin’s propaganda machine: Soft power and Russian foreign policy. Rowman & Littlefield.van HerpenM. H. (2016). Putin’s propaganda machine: Soft power and Russian foreign policy.Rowman & Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar
Volchek, D., & Sindelar, D. (2015, March 25). One professional Russian troll tells all. Radio Free Europe; Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-guide-russian-trolling-trolls/26919999.htmlVolchekD.SindelarD.(2015,March25).One professional Russian troll tells all.Radio Free Europe; Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-guide-russian-trolling-trolls/26919999.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559VosoughiS.RoyD.AralS.(2018).The spread of true and false news online.Science,359(6380),1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559Search in Google Scholar
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.htmlWardleC.DerakhshanH. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making.Council of Europe. https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.htmlSearch in Google Scholar
Woolley, S. C. (2022). Digital propaganda: The power of influencers. Journal of Democracy, 33(3), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2022.0027WoolleyS. C.(2022).Digital propaganda: The power of influencers.Journal of Democracy,33(3),115–129. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2022.0027Search in Google Scholar
Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (Eds.). (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.001.0001WoolleyS. C.HowardP. N.(Eds.). (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media.Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
York, C., Ponder, J. D., Humphries, Z., Goodall, C., Beam, M., & Winters, C. (2020). Effects of fact-checking political misinformation on perceptual accuracy and epistemic political efficacy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(4), 958–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019890119YorkC.PonderJ. D.HumphriesZ.GoodallC.BeamM.WintersC.(2020).Effects of fact-checking political misinformation on perceptual accuracy and epistemic political efficacy.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,97(4),958–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019890119Search in Google Scholar