Entrepreneurship vs. Freelancing: What’s the Difference?

Akhmetshin, E. M., Kovalenko, K. E., Mueller, J. E., Khakimov, A. K., Yumashev, A. V., & Khairullina, A. D. (2018). Freelancing as a type of entrepreneurship: advantages, disadvantages and development prospects. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(S2), 1.Search in Google Scholar

Artisan (2017). 10 Qualities of a Successful Freelancer. Retrieved from https://creative.artisantalent.com/10-qualities-of-a-successful-freelancerSearch in Google Scholar

Brinkley, I. (2016). In Search of the Gig Economy: The Work Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.theworkfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/407_In-search-ofthe-gig-economy_June2016.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Burke, A. E., FitzRoy, F. R., & Nolan, M. A. (2008). What makes a die-hard entrepreneur? Beyond the ‘employee or entrepreneur’dichotomy. Small Business Economics, 31(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9086-610.1007/s11187-007-9086-6Search in Google Scholar

Burke, A., & Van Stel, A. (2011). The entrepreneurship enabling role of freelancers: Theory with evidence from the construction industry. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 131-158.Search in Google Scholar

Burke, A. (2012). The role of freelancers in the 21st century British economy. PCG Report, London: PCG.Search in Google Scholar

Burke, A., & Cowling, M. (2015). The use and value of freelancers: The perspective of managers. In A. Burke (Ed.), The use and value of freelancers: The perspective of managers (pp. 1-14). Dublin, Ireland: Senate Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Darlington, N. (2014). Freelancer vs. Contractor vs. Employee: What Are You Being Hired As. Retrieved from https://www.freshbooks.com/blog/are-you-being-hired-as-an-employee-or-freelancerSearch in Google Scholar

Donovan, S. A., Bradley, D. H., & Shimabukuro. (2016). What does the gig economy mean for workers? Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, (CRS Report R44365).Search in Google Scholar

Ezzedeen, S. R., & Zikic, J. (2017). Finding balance amid boundarylessness: An interpretive study of entrepreneurial work–life balance and boundary management. Journal of Family Issues, 38(11), 1546-1576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X1560073110.1177/0192513X15600731Search in Google Scholar

Fitz (2019). How to Transition from Being a Freelancer to a Solopreneur. Retrieved from https://fitzvillafuerte.com/transition-freelancer-solopreneur.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2014.02.0310.4337/roke.2014.02.03Search in Google Scholar

GEM (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report. Accessed: 17.07.2019.Search in Google Scholar

Gig Economy Data Hub (2019). What kind of work are done through gigs. Retrieved from https://www.gigeconomydata.org/basics/what-kinds-work-are-done-through-gigs.Search in Google Scholar

Green, D. D. (2018). Fueling the gig economy: a case study evaluation of Upwork.com. Manag Econ Res J, 4(2018), 3399.10.18639/MERJ.2018.04.523634Search in Google Scholar

Hall, D. T. (2004). The protean career: A quarter-century journey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.00610.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.006Search in Google Scholar

Huws, U., N. Spencer and S. Joyce (2016). Crowd Work in Europe: Preliminary Results from a Survey in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. FEPS Studies December 2016.Search in Google Scholar

John L., Utz (2016). What Is a “Gig”? Benefits for Unexpected Employees - ALI CLE. Retrieved from http://files.ali-cle.org/thumbs/datastorage/lacidoirep/articles/TPL1606-Utz_thumb.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Kässi, O., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137, 241-248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.05610.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.056Search in Google Scholar

Kazi, A. G., Yusoff, R. M., Khan, A., & Kazi, S. (2014). The freelancer: A conceptual review. Sains Humanika, 2(3).Search in Google Scholar

Kirk, B. (2020). Top 6 Advantages of Hiring a Freelancer. Retrieved from https://www.writingassist.com/resources/articles-3/top-6-advantages-of-hiring-a-freelancer/Search in Google Scholar

Malaga, R. (2016). Digital Micro Entrepreneurship a Preliminary Analysis-Case studies from the gig economy. In United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Conference Proceedings (p. CA1). United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.Search in Google Scholar

Malt and EIPF (2019). The state of European Freelancing in 2018 – results of the first European freelancers’ survey. Retrieved from https://news.malt.com/en-gb/2019/02/12/the-state-of-european-freelancing-in-2018-results-of-the-first-european-freelancers-survey-2/Search in Google Scholar

McKinsey Global Institute (2016). Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economySearch in Google Scholar

Milenković, M. (2019). The Future of Employment – 20 Telling Gig Economy Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.smallbizgenius.net/by-the-numbers/gig-economy-statistics/#grefSearch in Google Scholar

Mould, O., Vorley, T., & Liu, K. (2014). Invisible creativity? Highlighting the hidden impact of freelancing in London‘s creative industries. European Planning Studies, 22(12), 2436-2455. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.79058710.1080/09654313.2013.790587Search in Google Scholar

Nation1099 (2020). The Gig Economy Glossary. Retrieved from https://nation1099.com/what-is-freelancing/Search in Google Scholar

Dam, R. (2019). 11 Characteristics of Successful Freelancers and Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/11-characteristics-of-successful-freelancers-and-entrepreneursSearch in Google Scholar

O‘Donell R. (2020). Freelance vs. Full-time: The Pros and Cons of Hiring an Independent Contractor. Retrieved from https://recruiterbox.com/blog/freelance-vs-fulltime-pros-cons-hiring-independent-contractorSearch in Google Scholar

Parker, P., Khapova, S. N., & Arthur, M. B. (2009). The intelligent career framework as a basis for interdisciplinary inquiry. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.00110.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.001Search in Google Scholar

Partington, R. (2019). Gig economy in Britain doubles, accounting for 4.7 million workers. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jun/28/gig-economy-in-britain-doubles-accounting-for-47-million-workersSearch in Google Scholar

Sapsed, J., Camerani, R., Masucci, M., Petermann, M., Rajguru, M., & Jones, P. (2015). Brighton fuse 2: Freelancers in the creative, digital, IT economy. Arts and Humanities Research Council.Search in Google Scholar

Sorensen, J., & Chang, P. (2006). Determinants of successful entrepreneurship: A review of the recent literature. Available at SSRN 1244663.10.2139/ssrn.1244663Search in Google Scholar

Stone, D. L., Deadrick, D. L., Lukaszewski, K. M., & Johnson, R. (2015). The influence of technology on the future of human resource management. Human resource management Review, 25(2), 216-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.01.00210.1016/j.hrmr.2015.01.002Search in Google Scholar

Sullivan, S. E., & Baruch, Y. (2009). Advances in career theory and research: A critical review and agenda for future exploration. Journal of management, 35(6), 1542-1571. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630935008210.1177/0149206309350082Search in Google Scholar

Tran, M., & Sokas, R. K. (2017). The gig economy and contingent work: An occupational health assessment. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(4), e63. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.000000000000097710.1097/JOM.0000000000000977Search in Google Scholar

Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2001). The focus of entrepreneurial research: contextual and process issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 57-80.10.1177/104225870102500405Search in Google Scholar

Van den Born, A., & Van Witteloostuijn, A. (2013). Drivers of freelance career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.178610.1002/job.1786Search in Google Scholar

Webster, J. (2016, September). Microworkers of the gig economy: separate and precarious. In New Labor Forum (Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 56-64). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/109579601666151110.1177/1095796016661511Search in Google Scholar