Open Access

Antimicrobial activity, viability, and physicochemical properties of an MTA-type cement with different concentrations of bismuth trioxide

Miryam Martínez-Hernández
Miryam Martínez-Hernández
, 
Daniel Manzo-García
Daniel Manzo-García
, 
Juana Paulina Ramírez-Ortega
Juana Paulina Ramírez-Ortega
, 
Juan Antonio Arreguín-Cano
Juan Antonio Arreguín-Cano
, 
Elda Georgina Chávez-Cortéz
Elda Georgina Chávez-Cortéz
, 
Jesús Ángel Arenas-Alatorre
Jesús Ángel Arenas-Alatorre
, 
Jacqueline Adelina Rodríguez-Chávez
Jacqueline Adelina Rodríguez-Chávez
 and 
Abigailt Flores-Ledesma
Abigailt Flores-Ledesma
   | Nov 20, 2023
Materials Science-Poland's Cover Image
About this article
Previous Article
Next Article
Cite
Published Online: Nov 20, 2023
Page range: 339 - 353
Received: Sep 04, 2023
Accepted: Oct 02, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0026
Keywords
© 2023 Miryam Martínez-Hernández et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

(A) Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of the experimental cements: Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25, on S. mutans. Positive control: 0.20% chlorhexidine (ANOVA p < 0.05; post hoc Tukey test p < 0.01). 0.20% CHX was significant against all experimental groups (ANOVA p < 0.01; post hoc Dunnett test p < 0.05). Lowercase letters are used to compare means; means sharing a superscript letter are not significantly different, n = 3. (B) Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of the experimental cements: Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25 on P. gingivalis. Positive control: 0.20% chlorhexidine solution. (ANOVA p < 0.01; post hoc Tukey test p < 0.05). 0.20% CHX was significant against the experimental groups Bi20 and Bi25 (ANOVA p < 0.05; post hoc Dunnett test p < 0.05). Lowercase letters are used to compare means; means sharing a superscript letter are not significantly different, n = 3
(A) Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of the experimental cements: Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25, on S. mutans. Positive control: 0.20% chlorhexidine (ANOVA p < 0.05; post hoc Tukey test p < 0.01). 0.20% CHX was significant against all experimental groups (ANOVA p < 0.01; post hoc Dunnett test p < 0.05). Lowercase letters are used to compare means; means sharing a superscript letter are not significantly different, n = 3. (B) Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of the experimental cements: Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25 on P. gingivalis. Positive control: 0.20% chlorhexidine solution. (ANOVA p < 0.01; post hoc Tukey test p < 0.05). 0.20% CHX was significant against the experimental groups Bi20 and Bi25 (ANOVA p < 0.05; post hoc Dunnett test p < 0.05). Lowercase letters are used to compare means; means sharing a superscript letter are not significantly different, n = 3

Fig. 2.

Effect of bismuth on cell viability of Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25 cements. L929 cells were seeded in 96-well plates (2.5 × 103 cells/well) and treated with different percentages of bismuth followed by MTT assay for 24, 48, and 72 h. The red horizontal dotted line represents the basal group as 100%, and a blue continuous line represents the threshold for a cytotoxicity level of 75% of cell viability compared to the basal group (negative control). Each bar represents mean ± SD calculated from three independent experiments. ANOVA p < 0.01; post hoc Tukey test p < 0.05, lowercase letters are used to compare means; means sharing a superscript letter are not significantly different, n = 3
Effect of bismuth on cell viability of Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25 cements. L929 cells were seeded in 96-well plates (2.5 × 103 cells/well) and treated with different percentages of bismuth followed by MTT assay for 24, 48, and 72 h. The red horizontal dotted line represents the basal group as 100%, and a blue continuous line represents the threshold for a cytotoxicity level of 75% of cell viability compared to the basal group (negative control). Each bar represents mean ± SD calculated from three independent experiments. ANOVA p < 0.01; post hoc Tukey test p < 0.05, lowercase letters are used to compare means; means sharing a superscript letter are not significantly different, n = 3

Fig. 3.

Effect of pH on the antibacterial activity and cell viability at 24 h. Black line: Cell viability, L929 cells. Red line: Antibacterial activity on S. mutans. Blue line: Antibacterial activity on P. gingivalis
Effect of pH on the antibacterial activity and cell viability at 24 h. Black line: Cell viability, L929 cells. Red line: Antibacterial activity on S. mutans. Blue line: Antibacterial activity on P. gingivalis

Fig. 4.

Micrographs of bismuth trioxide and the unhydrated cement sample. A. Bismuth trioxide; B, Bi15; C, Bi20; and D-Bi25. Yellow bar = 50μm, 350 × magnification
Micrographs of bismuth trioxide and the unhydrated cement sample. A. Bismuth trioxide; B, Bi15; C, Bi20; and D-Bi25. Yellow bar = 50μm, 350 × magnification

Fig. 5.

Surface micrographs of the hydrated cement sample. The long white particles corresponding to bismuth trioxide are not well incorporated into the cement. Left columns (A, C, E) are micrographs with secondary electrons. The right columns (B, D, F) are backscattering electron images. A–B: Bi15, C–D: Bi20, and E–F: Bi25. Yellow scale bar = 100 μm, 200 × magnification
Surface micrographs of the hydrated cement sample. The long white particles corresponding to bismuth trioxide are not well incorporated into the cement. Left columns (A, C, E) are micrographs with secondary electrons. The right columns (B, D, F) are backscattering electron images. A–B: Bi15, C–D: Bi20, and E–F: Bi25. Yellow scale bar = 100 μm, 200 × magnification

Means and standard deviation (in parenthesis) of solubility, setting time, and film thickness of Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25

Solubility (%) Setting time (min) Film thickness (mm)
Bi15 -2.70 (0.41)a 5:19 (1:41)a 0.01238 (0.00027)a
Bi20 0.24 (0.81)b 4:59 (1:26)a 0.01229 (0.00023)a
Bi25 -0.27 (0.82)b 4:41 (1:31)a 0.01230 (0.00043)a
ISO 6876 requirements < 3% No more than 110% of the manufacturer’s specifications. < 0.05 mm

pH means of the Bi15, Bi20, and Bi25 cements

1 h 3 h 24 h 48 h 72 h 7 d
Bi15 10.28 (0.25)a 10.68 (0.15)a 11.16 (0.21)a 10.94 (0.48)a 10.78 (0.70)a 9.98 (1.08) a
Bi20 10.49 (0.12)a 10.87 (0.10)a 11.32 (0.16)a 11.33 (0.22)a,b 11.07 (0.53)a 10.11 (0.92) a
Bi25 10.49 (0.13)a 10.88 (0.06)a 11.37 (0.12)a 11.47 (0.18)b 11.35 (0.35)a 10.96 (0.88) a
p 0.309 0.061 0.119 0.043 0.237 0.181

Reference strains used to determine the antimicrobial activity

Bacterial strain ATCC Gram/Respiration Associated with
Porphyromonas gingivalis 33277 −/anaerobic Periodontitis
Streptococcus mutans 25175 +/facultative anaerobic Dental caries
eISSN:
2083-134X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Materials Sciences, other, Nanomaterials, Functional and Smart Materials, Materials Characterization and Properties
Journal RSS Feed