Optimisation of surface characteristics of standard duplex stainless for bio-applications by using electrophoretic deposition: A brief review

There are still some challenges and issues related to the long-term usage of the material, despite the apparent and successful expansion in metallic orthopaedic applications and bone replacement. The goal of the current study is to use 2205 duplex stainless steels instead of 316L stainless steels in medical applications (DSS). The 2205 DSS is characterised by a decreased nickel content, which offers a benefit in medical applications by lowering the release of nickel ions in the body. It is made up of two-phase (austenite and ferrite) microstructures. Additionally, this alloy finds employment in a range of media due to its excellent mechanical strength, hardness, toughness, and corrosion resistance at an affordable price. There is a pertinent issue to take into account with these constraints because of the poor osteoconductivity and the risk of surface contact, which leads to severe corrosion of metallic implants due to the presence of body fluid. This review demonstrates how to modify the surface of DSS-2205 by coating it with hydroxyapatite/multi-wall carbon nanotubes using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to enhance corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and osseointegration. It also discusses the impact of the two most crucial EPD variables (potential and time) on the characteristics of the deposited layer in order to determine the best EPD variable values.