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Occurrence of bovine coronavirus and other major respiratory viruses in cattle in Poland

Wojciech Socha
Wojciech Socha
, 
Magdalena Larska
Magdalena Larska
, 
Jerzy Rola
Jerzy Rola
 and 
Dariusz Bednarek
Dariusz Bednarek
   | Nov 04, 2022
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Published Online: Nov 04, 2022
Page range: 479 - 486
Received: Jun 03, 2022
Accepted: Oct 19, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2022-0059
Keywords
© 2022 W. Socha et al. published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of sequences obtained in the study (19). The tree was constructed using a 601-nucleotide-long fragment of the gene encoding the spike protein of BCoV. Sequences acquired in this study are marked by black squares. The country and the date of isolation (when available) are included in the brackets next to each sequence res – respiratory isolate; ent – enteric isolate
Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of sequences obtained in the study (19). The tree was constructed using a 601-nucleotide-long fragment of the gene encoding the spike protein of BCoV. Sequences acquired in this study are marked by black squares. The country and the date of isolation (when available) are included in the brackets next to each sequence res – respiratory isolate; ent – enteric isolate

Univariable analysis of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) seroprevalence in cows and presence of genetic material in nasal swabs (shedding) detected by reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

Variable Seroprevalence RT-PCR positive
n/N % 95% CI χ2 P n/N % 95% CI χ2 P
Age group* 23.20 <0.001 5.06 0.080
≤ 3 months 16/89 82.0 73.9–90.1 14/89 15.7 8.0–23.4
3–6 months 102/126 81.0 74.0–87.9 12/126 9.5 4.3–14.7
≥ 6 months 25/51 49.0 34.8–63.2 2/51 3.9 −1.6–9.4
All 201/261 77.0 71.4–82.0 29/261 11.1 7.6–15.6
Sex 0.006 0.940 2.90 0.088
Female 89/120 74.2 65.6–87.1 7/120 5.8 2.4–11.6
Male 25/34 73.5 55.6–87.1 5/34 14.7 5.0–31.1
All 114/154 74.0 66.4–80.8 12/154 7.8 4.1–13.2
Respiratory signs 4.39 0.0361 3.23 0.072
Yes 62/86 72.1 61.4–81.2 15/86 17.4 10.1–27.1
No 57/85 67.1 56.0–76.9 7/85 8.2 3.4–16.2
All 119/171 69.6 62.1–76.4 22/171 12.9 8.2–18.8
BoHV–1 status 13.97 <0.001 0.084 9.772
Seropositive 99/117 84.6 76.8–90.6 13/117 11.1 6.1–18.3
Seronegative 116/179 64.8 57.3–71.8 18/179 10.1 6.1–15.4
All 215/296 72.6 67.2–77.6 31/296 10.5 7.2–14.5
BVDV status 5.98 0.014 1.249 0.264
Seropositive 113/144 78.5 70.9–84.9 18/144 12.5 7.6–19.0
Seronegative 93/142 65.5 57.1–73.3 12/142 8.4 4.4–14.3
All 206/286 72.0 66.4–77.2 30/286 10.5 7.2–14.6
BoHV–1 PCR 1.142 0.285 0.35 0.554
Positive 3/3 100.0 29.2–100.0 0/3 0.0 0.0–70.8
Negative 212/293 72.3 66.9–77.4 31/293 10.6 7.3–14.7
All 215/296 72.6 76.2–77.6 31/296 10.5 7.2–14.5
BVDV RT–PCR 5.107 0.024 0.04 0.841
Positive 3/8 37.5 8.5–75.5 1/8 12.5 0.3–52.7
Negative 212/288 73.6 68.1–78.6 30/288 10.4 7.1–14.5
All 215/296 72.6 67.2–77.6 31/296 10.5 7.2–14/5
BCoV RT–PCR 0.042 0.837
Positive 23/31 74.2 55.4–88.1
Negative 192/265 72.4 66.7–77.7
All 215/296 72.6 67.2–77.6
Herd size* 29.34 <0.001 10.35 0.006
Smaller (≤77) 31/62 50.0 6.0–62.8 1/62 1.6 −1.6–4.8
Medium (80–590) 128/158 81.0 74.8–87.2 19/158 12.0 6.9–17.1
Larger (≥750) 24/25 96.0 87.7–104.2 6/25 24.0 6.0–42.0
All 183/245 74.7 69.1–80.3 25/245 10.2 6.7–14.8
Province 12.65 0.013 13.04 0.011
Mazowieckie 44/66 66.7 54.0–77.8 9/66 13.6 6.4–24.3
Pomorskie 42/60 70.0 56.8–81.1 2/60 3.3 0.4–11.5
Opolskie 58/70 82.8 71.9–90.8 5/70 7.1 2.4–15.9
Podlaskie 38/45 84.4 70.5–93.5 3/45 6.7 1.4–18.3
Wielkopolskie 33/55 60.0 46.0–73.0 12/55 21.8 11.8–35.0
All 215/296 72.6 67.2–77.6 31/296 10.5 7.2–14.5

The final generalised linear mixed model presenting risk factors of bovine coronavirus detection in nasal swabs from individual cattle by reverse transcriptase PCR (number of observations = 229)

Variable Category Odds ratio (OR) β (SE) z P > |z| 95% CI
Herd size*
Smaller (≤77) reference
Medium (80–590) 4.22 1.92 3.16 0.004 1.73–10.30
Larger (≥750) 0.02 0.02 -4.24 <0.001 0.002–0.11
Fixed effect Variance β (SE)c 95% CI
Age group 1.06 1.66 0.05–23.16

Primers and probes used for BCoV, BVDV, BoHV-1 and internal control amplification

Target Primer/probe Sequence (5′–3′) Amplicon size (bp) Gene/ protein Reference
BCoV-F CTGGAAGTTGGTGGAGTT
BCoV-R ATTATCGGCCTAACATACATC 85 M/matrix
BCoV BCoV-Pb FAM-CCTTCATATCTATACACATCAAGTTGTT-BHQ1 (6)
Sp1 CTTATAAGTGCCCCCAAACTAAAT
Sp2 CCTACTGTGAGATCACATGTTTG 622 S/spike
Pesti-F CTAGCCATGCCCTTAGTAG
Pesti-R CGTCGAACCAGTGACGACT
BVDV BVDV1 FAM-TAGCAACAGTGGTGAGTTCGTTGGATGGCT-BHQ1 106 5′-UTR (1)
BVDV2 TxR-TAGCGGTAGCAGTGAGTTCGTTGGATGGCC-BHQ1
gD5595-F CCGCCGTATTTTGAGGAGTCG
BoHV-1 gD5704-R TCGGTCTCCCCTTCRTCCTC 46 gD (26)
BHV1-gD-FAM* FAM-TCGGTCTCCCCTTCRTCCTC-BHQ1
ACT-1005-F CAGCACAATGAAGATCAAGATCATC
β Actin ACT-1135-R CGGACTCATCGTACTCCTGCTT 130 bACT (24)
ACT-1081-HEX HEX-TCGCTGTCCACCTTCCAGCAGATGT- BHQ1

The final generalised linear mixed model presenting risk factors of bovine coronavirus seropositivity in cattle (number of observations = 229)

Variable Category Odds ratio β (SE) z P > |z| 95% CI
Age group*
≤3 months reference
3–6 months 0.58 0.32 −0.99 0.323 0.19–1.72
≥6 months 0.27 0.14 −2.44 0.015 0.10–0.78
Herd size*
Smaller (≤77) reference
Medium (80–590) 5.20 2.93 2.91 0.004 1.71–15.72
Larger (≥750) 39.90 45.78 3.21 0.001 4.21–378.14
Fixed effect Variance β (SE) 95% CI
Province 0.95 0.87 0.16–5.76
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Life Sciences, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and Virology, other, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine
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