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Red and Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Significantly Improve in vitro Tuberization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Robin Kumar Pundir
Robin Kumar Pundir
, 
Abhishek Pathak
Abhishek Pathak
, 
Devanshi Chandel Upadhyaya
Devanshi Chandel Upadhyaya
, 
Annamalai Muthusamy
Annamalai Muthusamy
 and 
Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya
Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya
   | Jun 26, 2021
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Published Online: Jun 26, 2021
Page range: 95 - 108
Received: Oct 01, 2020
Accepted: Apr 01, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2021-0010
Keywords
© 2021 Robin Kumar Pundir et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Influence of various LED light spectra on in vitro tuberization in potato ‘Kufri Jyoti’. Nodal explants were used for the tuberization studies. Early tuber formation was observed through the subapical swelling of the nodal region maintained on MS basal medium under R30B70 combination LED light spectra. Abbreviations: R100 – 100% red; B100 – 100% blue; R30B70 – 30% red and 70% blue; R50B50 – 50% red and 50% blue; R70B30 – 70% red and 30% blue
Influence of various LED light spectra on in vitro tuberization in potato ‘Kufri Jyoti’. Nodal explants were used for the tuberization studies. Early tuber formation was observed through the subapical swelling of the nodal region maintained on MS basal medium under R30B70 combination LED light spectra. Abbreviations: R100 – 100% red; B100 – 100% blue; R30B70 – 30% red and 70% blue; R50B50 – 50% red and 50% blue; R70B30 – 70% red and 30% blue

Figure 2

Analysis of total soluble sugar, starch and the protein content in the microtuber developed under various LED spectra of light. A – total soluble sugar, B – starch content, and C – proteins in tuber tissues of potato. Values are means ± SE of three replicate experiments (n = 3). Bars marked with letters indicate significant differences according to the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: See Figure 1
Analysis of total soluble sugar, starch and the protein content in the microtuber developed under various LED spectra of light. A – total soluble sugar, B – starch content, and C – proteins in tuber tissues of potato. Values are means ± SE of three replicate experiments (n = 3). Bars marked with letters indicate significant differences according to the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: See Figure 1

Figure 3

Expression analysis of CaM1, StCDPK and LOX genes in stolon, initial tuber, and developed tuber tissues of potato. A – expression analysis in the stolon tissues, B – expression analysis in initial tuber, and C – expression analysis in the developed tuber. Data analyzed by the comparative delta Ct method. Bars marked with letters indicate significant differences according to the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: R100 – 100% red; B100 – 100% blue; R30B70 – 30% red and 70% blue; R50B50 – 50% red and 50% blue; R70B30 – 70% red and 30% blue; CaM1 – calmodulin-1; StCDPK – calcium-dependent protein kinase; LOX – lipoxygenase
Expression analysis of CaM1, StCDPK and LOX genes in stolon, initial tuber, and developed tuber tissues of potato. A – expression analysis in the stolon tissues, B – expression analysis in initial tuber, and C – expression analysis in the developed tuber. Data analyzed by the comparative delta Ct method. Bars marked with letters indicate significant differences according to the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: R100 – 100% red; B100 – 100% blue; R30B70 – 30% red and 70% blue; R50B50 – 50% red and 50% blue; R70B30 – 70% red and 30% blue; CaM1 – calmodulin-1; StCDPK – calcium-dependent protein kinase; LOX – lipoxygenase

Figure 4

Lipoxygenase enzyme activity in various tuberizing tissues of potato during in vitro tuberization under various LED light spectra. A – LOX enzyme activity in stolons; B – LOX enzyme activity in initial tubers; C – LOX enzyme activity in developed tubers. Values are mean ± SE of three replicate experiments (n = 3). Bars marked with letters indicate significant differences according to the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: R100 – 100% red; B100 – 100% blue; R30B70 – 30% red and 70% blue; R50B50 – 50% red and 50% blue; R70B30 – 70% red and 30% blue; LOX – lipoxygenase
Lipoxygenase enzyme activity in various tuberizing tissues of potato during in vitro tuberization under various LED light spectra. A – LOX enzyme activity in stolons; B – LOX enzyme activity in initial tubers; C – LOX enzyme activity in developed tubers. Values are mean ± SE of three replicate experiments (n = 3). Bars marked with letters indicate significant differences according to the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). Abbreviations: R100 – 100% red; B100 – 100% blue; R30B70 – 30% red and 70% blue; R50B50 – 50% red and 50% blue; R70B30 – 70% red and 30% blue; LOX – lipoxygenase

Figure 5

Line diagram describing possible mechanisms related to light-mediated induction of potato tuberization. LED light and its various combinations may involve alternation of hormonal and cytosolic Ca2+ ions, ultimately leading to an enhanced calcium-signaling pathway and LOX activity to increase tuberization on single nodal potato segments growing in a non-tuber inducing medium. Green and orange arrows show respectively GA and IAA levels at different stages of tuberization; the blue arrow shows the expression pattern of LOX, CaM, and StCDPK. Abbreviations: GA – gibberellic acid; IAA – indole 3 acetic acid; LOX – lipoxygenase; CaM – calmodulin; StCDPKs – calcium-dependent protein kinases; PUFAs – polyunsaturated fatty acids; JA – jasmonic acid; TA – tuberonic acid; TAG – tuberonic acid glucoside; PM – plasma membrane; LED – light-emitting diode
Line diagram describing possible mechanisms related to light-mediated induction of potato tuberization. LED light and its various combinations may involve alternation of hormonal and cytosolic Ca2+ ions, ultimately leading to an enhanced calcium-signaling pathway and LOX activity to increase tuberization on single nodal potato segments growing in a non-tuber inducing medium. Green and orange arrows show respectively GA and IAA levels at different stages of tuberization; the blue arrow shows the expression pattern of LOX, CaM, and StCDPK. Abbreviations: GA – gibberellic acid; IAA – indole 3 acetic acid; LOX – lipoxygenase; CaM – calmodulin; StCDPKs – calcium-dependent protein kinases; PUFAs – polyunsaturated fatty acids; JA – jasmonic acid; TA – tuberonic acid; TAG – tuberonic acid glucoside; PM – plasma membrane; LED – light-emitting diode

Effect of various spectra of LED lights on in vitro tuberization of potato ‘Kufri Jyoti’

Light treatments Number of explants showing stolons formation Days to stolon induction/formation Number of stolons converting to the tubers Days to tuber induction Tuber size (mm) Tuber weight (g) Total tuber yield (g)
R100 146.55±3.99 b 7–8 91.55±3.34 e 18–21 1.82±0.31 e 0.32±0.06 e 49.6 ± 1.54 d
B100 121.2 ±3.18 d 11–13 110.2 ±3.15 b 17–18 5.30±0.31 a 0.58±0.15 a 70.52± 2.69 b
R30 : B70 158.5 ±4.38 a 8–9 143.67±5.37 a 12–14 4.10±0.45 b 0.51±0.06 b 83.48± 3.50 a
R50 : B50 118.2 ±3.15 e 11–12 102.50±2.33 c 18–20 3.11±0.21 cd 0.40±0.12 d 46.46± 2.47 d
R70 : B30 133.22±3.02 c 10–11 97.21±3.15 d 18–20 3.4 ±0.36 c 0.44±0.07 c 57.17± 1.23 c
W100 118.55±4.18 e 13–15 92.20±2.15 e 24–26 3.64±0.21 c 0.40±0.17 d 46.79± 3.87 d
Dark 108.41±5.34 f 10–11 98.65±2.15 d 19–21 2.87±0.28 d 0.34±0.20 e 42.79± 1.29 e

List of primers used in the RT-PCR analysis

Gene Accession No. Forward primer 5′-3′ Reverse primer 5′-3′
LOX X79107.1 AGAGGAGATGGAACTGGAAAG CTCGGTACATAGATGTCTAAGC
StCaM1 J04559.1 GCTGATCAGAATGGAACCATTG CAATATCTGCCTCTCGGATCAT
StCDPK AF115406.3 CTGGTCCGAAAGATGCTCAAT CTGCTGAGAGATTCTCAGCA
ACTIN X55749.1 GAATGGAAGCAGCTGGAATC CTGGTGGTGCAACAACCTTA
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