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Properties of Enhanced Calcium-alginate Beads as a Formulation for Disseminating the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapase, and Steinernema feltiae

Reyhaneh Darsouei

Reyhaneh Darsouei

Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhad, Iran
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Darsouei, Reyhaneh
, 
Javad Karimi

Javad Karimi

Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhad, Iran
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Karimi, Javad
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Lukasz L. Stelinski

Lukasz L. Stelinski

Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of FloridaLake Alfred, USA
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Stelinski, Lukasz L.
  
Jun 04, 2025
Properties of Enhanced Calcium-alginate Beads as a Formulation for Disseminating the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapase, and Steinernema feltiae's Cover Image
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Article Category: Research Note
Published Online: Jun 04, 2025
Received: Feb 12, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0020
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© 2025 Reyhaneh Darsouei et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Figure 1:

Formation of calcium alginate beads: A) Suspension added to 30 mM of calcium chloride; B) Suspension passed through strainer; C) Bead transferred to filter paper; D) Beads maintained in plastic zip cap; and E) IJs within calcium alginate beads.
Formation of calcium alginate beads: A) Suspension added to 30 mM of calcium chloride; B) Suspension passed through strainer; C) Bead transferred to filter paper; D) Beads maintained in plastic zip cap; and E) IJs within calcium alginate beads.

Figure 2:

Calcium alginate beads: A) At the time of transfer to water and B) 24 h after transfer to water.
Calcium alginate beads: A) At the time of transfer to water and B) 24 h after transfer to water.

Figure 3:

Reproduction rate of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) Formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.
Reproduction rate of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) Formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.

Figure 4:

Reproduction rate of Steinernema carpocapsae in the last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.
Reproduction rate of Steinernema carpocapsae in the last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.

Figure 5:

Reproduction rate of Steinernema feltiae in the last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.
Reproduction rate of Steinernema feltiae in the last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor at two storage temperatures, 8ºC and 25ºC and after 1, 100, and 180 days of formulation aging. A) formulated with 1.5% sodium alginate, B) formulated with 1.75% sodium alginate.

The survival rate of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora IJs escaping from calcium alginate beads_ The control treatment was kept in sterile water_

Temperature Treatments 1-day 10-day 20-day 30-day 40-day 50-day 60-day 70-day 80-day 90-day 100-day 110-day 120-day 150-day 180-day
25ºC SA 1.5% 100a 99.34a 82.95d 71.76e 71.45e 70.91ef 69.64f 68.94f 68.67f 68.52f 68.29fg 67.52g 67.52g 61.73h 59.8h
SA 1.75% 84.49cd 83.53d 82.68d 82.33d 70.99e 66.94g 63.97g 51.89i 50.27i 49.58i 48.8ij 47.61i 46.45jk 44.9k 41.37k
Control 100a 94.33b 86c 54hi 24.67i 8.67m 0n 0n 0n 0n 0n 0n 0n 0n 0n
8ºC SA 1.5% 47.49g 35.69ij 35.19j 34.84j 34.53j 33.37j 31.75jk 31.02k 29.51k 28.24k 27.08kl 26.54kl 25.23l 23.61l 23.26l
SA 1.75% 63.46e 62.11ef 49.19g 47.61g 46.72g 46.03g 44.95g 44.48g 43.67gh 42.48h 38.39i 38.27i 38.39i 37.96i 37.81i
Control 100a 100a 100a 100a 86.67b 78c 69d 58f 32.67n 26.33kl 21.67l 16m 14m 0n 0n

The survival rate of Steinernema carpocapsae IJs escaping from calcium alginate beads_

Temperature Treatments 1-day 10-day 20-day 30-day 40-day 50-day 60-day 70-day 80-day 90-day 100-day 110-day 120-day 150-day 180-day
25ºC SA 1.5% 85.11b 81.91c 75.8de 72.13e 70.27e 68.56f 63.62g 57.82hi 57.23i 56.06i 54.95ij 53.83j 52.61j 41.81l 26.6n
SA 1.75% 70.43e 65.16g 64.47g 63.09gh 61.49h 59.57h 53.72j 52.39j 50.85jk 50.16k 48.51k 47.55k 46.81k 37.23m 10.64p
Control 100a 78.33d 45kl 43.33l 35m 14.33o 5q 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r
8ºC SA 1.5% 100a 90.96c 83.4de 76.6ef 70.53g 68.56gh 67.29gh 66.65h 65.53h 59.31i 57.45j 56.06jk 55.32jk 54.41jk 47.87m
SA 1.75% 82.45de 80.32e 79.36e 78.03ef 76.28f 75.11f 73.67fg 72.61fg 70.96g 69.79gh 68.35gh 67.29gh 60.9i 53.83k 50.16l
Control 100a 97.33ab 94.67b 91c 86d 71.33g 55.67jk 43.67n 31o 18.33p 10.33q 2.67r 0s 0s 0s

The survival rate of Steinernema feltiae IJs escaping from calcium alginate beads_

Temperature Treatments 1-day 10-day 20-day 30-day 40-day 50-day 60-day 70-day 80-day 90-day 100-day 110-day 120-day 150-day 180-day
25 SA 1.5% 71.43d 67.05e 61.81g 59.14g 53.33hi 50.38i 43.14j 40.1jk 38.57jk 37.38jk 31.9l 19.76o 15.14p 0r 0r
SA 1.75% 49.52i 62.1fg 58.76g 55.05h 50.76i 44.29j 41.9jk 40.86jk 35.71k 32.33l 30.1l 28.05mn 25.86n 0r 0r
Control 100a 88b 75.67c 51.67i 28.67m 14.33p 4.33q 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r 0r
8 SA 1.5% 100a 76.67f 66.67h 53.43j 44.48kl 46.67k 34.29n 31.9no 27p 20.86qr 19.67r 14.29s 15.48s 0v 0v
SA 1.75% 93.33cd 83.52e 62.86i 53.33j 46.67k 46.43k 39.38m 34.52n 32.67n 32.62no 30.1o 26.52p 22.86q 0v 0v
Control 100a 87.33b 84.33c 79.67d 70.67e 62.67g 50.33lj 38.67o 28o 19.33r 16t 10.33u 4.67v 0v 0v
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