Hot Water Tuber Treatments for Management of Meloidogyne arenaria in Caladium Cultivars

Figure 1

Figure 2

An ANOVA summary table_ Effects of hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size on caladium growth parameters_

Factor	Fresh shoot weight† (g)			Dry shoot weight† (g)			Fresh root weight† (g)			Dry root weight† (g)			Plant height† (cm)
	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value
Exposure time	2	19.62	<0.01	2	8.03	<0.01	2	18.46	<0.01	2	6.07	<0.01	2	0.58	0.56
Cultivar	1	9.75	<0.01	1	29.47	<0.01	1	0.03	0.87	1	5.37	0.02	1	389.94	<0.01
Tuber size	2	275.65	<0.01	2	181.33	<0.01	2	13.83	<0.01	2	32.07	<0.01	2	12.28	<0.01
Exposure time × Cultivar	2	1.86	0.16	2	0.94	0.39	2	6.08	<0.01	2	6.98	<0.01	2	6.50	<0.01
Exposure time x Tuber size	4	0.87	0.49	4	0.49	0.75	4	0.87	0.48	4	0.47	0.76	4	1.16	0.33
Cultivar × Tuber size	2	4.63	0.01	2	4.57	0.01	2	2.12	0.12	2	3.34	0.04	2	1.06	0.35
Exposure time x Cultivar × Tuber size	4	1.73	0.15	4	1.83	0.13	4	0.88	0.48	4	0.56	0.69	4	1.21	0.31

Effects of factor combinations (hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size) on reproduction of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) on caladium_

Cultivar	Exposure time @ 50°C (min)	Tuber size	Gall index (0–10)	Eggs per fresh root system‡	Eggs per gram fresh root‡	Eggs per gram dry root‡	Number of J2 per 200 cc soil‡
PJR	45	#3	0.0 c†	0 e	0 c	0 f	23 b
		#1	0.2 c	30 de	2 c	37 ef	23 b
		Jumbo	0.2 c	30 de	2 c	37 def	0 b
	30	#3	0.0 c	30 de	3 c	96 def	0 b
		#1	0.0 c	90 de	6 c	105 def	0 b
		Jumbo	0.0 c	270 de	16 c	351 def	35 b
	0	#3	4.2 b	218,325 ab	18,008 a	526,917 a	28,500 a
		#1	5.5 ab	297,060 a	15,950 a	336,192 ab	40,486 a
		Jumbo	7.5 a	441,465 a	24,584 a	465,989 a	18,169 a
SWT	45	#3	0.7 c	47,265 de	3,418 bc	128,769 def	1,563 b
		#1	0.0 c	0 e	0 c	0 f	0 b
		Jumbo	0.0 c	270 de	13 c	364 def	0 b
	30	#3	0.9 c	78,855 cd	6,418 bc	201,141 cd	2,218 b
		#1	0.7 c	37,320 bc	1,977 b	53,004 bc	3,838 b
		Jumbo	0.9 c	75,840 cd	2,725 bc	49,099 cde	7,010 b
	0	#3	5.6 ab	275,415 a	22,800 a	731,665 a	11,940 a
		#1	5.0 b	245,490 ab	19,077 a	497,953 ab	15,698 a
		Jumbo	5.1 b	343,875 a	21,171 a	517,797 a	23,823 a

Effects of factor combinations (hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size) on caladium growth parameters_

Cultivar	Exposure time @ 50°C (min)	Tuber size	Fresh shoot weight (g)	Dry shoot weight (g)	Fresh root weight (g)	Dry root weight (g)	Plant height (cm)
PJR	45	#3	89.8 ghij†	6.4 fghij	15.5 bc	0.59 abc	34.4 b
		#1	121.0 efg	8.0 defg	20.2 ab	0.93 ab	34.3 b
		Jumbo	184.2 ab	11.7 ab	20.9 ab	0.90 ab	36.3 ab
	30	#3	74.7 ij	5.4 hij	13.85 bc	0.5 bc	33.8 b
		#1	131.0 def	9.3 bcde	14.8 bc	0.75 abc	36.0 ab
		Jumbo	197.1 a	13.1 a	17.1 abc	0.85 ab	39.8 a
	0	#3	67.8 j	5.1 ij	13.1 bc	0.52 bc	34.2 b
		#1	106.5 fghi	8.1 defg	18.3 abc	0.93 ab	37.7 ab
		Jumbo	154.7 bcd	11.3 abc	15.3 bc	0.88 ab	37.4 ab
SWT	45	#3	84.0 hij	5.2 ij	15.6 bc	0.50 bc	27.5 c
		#1	126.9 def	7.9 efgh	21.4 ab	0.84 ab	27.6 c
		Jumbo	169.3 abc	10.5 bcd	24.0 a	1.02 a	28.4 c
	30	#3	80.7 hij	5.7 ghij	15.4 bc	0.54 bc	25.1 c
		#1	111.8 efgh	7.6 efghi	17.4 abc	0.69 abc	25.7 c
		Jumbo	155.2 bcd	10.0 bcde	20.8 ab	1.00 a	27.4 c
	0	#3	67.9 j	4.4 j	10.1 c	0.33 c	23.9 c
		#1	99.3 fghij	6.7 fghij	10.0 c	0.39 c	24.3 c
		Jumbo	143.5 cde	8.9 cdef	15.5 bc	0.69 abc	27.3 c

An ANOVA summary table_ Effects of hot water exposure time, caladium cultivar, and tuber size on tuber infection and reproduction of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria)_

Factor		Gall indexa		Eggs per			Eggs per			Eggs per			Number of J2
		(0–10)		fresh root systema			gram fresh roota			gram dry roota			per 200 cc soila
	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value	DF	F	P-value
Exposure time	2	247.12	<0.01	2	242.76	<0.01	2	304.14	<0.01	2	260.12	<0.01	2	274.5	<0.01
Cultivar	1	0.43	0.51	1	11.07	<0.01	1	13.10	<0.01	1	13.67	<0.01	1	4.20	0.04
Tuber size	2	1.35	0.26	2	0.27	0.77	2	0.06	0.94	2	0.00	1.00	2	0.21	0.81
Exposure time × Cultivar	2	3.07	0.05	2	8.81	<0.01	2	6.83	<0.01	2	7.99	<0.01	2	5.61	<0.01
Exposure time x Tuber size	4	1.87	0.12	4	1.33	0.26	4	1.02	0.40	4	1.37	0.25	4	1.33	0.26
Cultivar × Tuber size	2	4.33	0.01	2	0.59	0.55	2	0.58	0.56	2	0.67	0.52	2	0.13	0.88
Exposure time x Cultivar × Tuber size	4	2.30	0.06	4	0.71	0.59	4	0.46	0.76	4	0.66	0.62	4	0.32	0.86