Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Newly Developed Needle in Emergency Room: A Single-Center Observational Study

Fig. 1.

Structure of newly developed and existing needles

Catheter gauge size	Types of needles (newly developed and existing needles)	Geometric design of the needle	Bevel length, mm	Bevel angle, degrees
20G	Surshield SurfloII with the thin-tipped short bevel needle named 3D-Shin (newly developed needle)		2.2	22
	Surshield SurfloII (existing needle)		2.2	28
22G	Surshield SurfloII with the thin-tipped short bevel needle named 3D-Shin (newly developed needle)		1.9	22
	Surshield SurfloII (existing needle)		1.9	26

Result of multiple regression analysis for newly developed needles and the number of procedures†

Variables	Univariate analysis Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-value	Multivariable analysis Regression coefficient (95% CI)	p-value
Types of needles
Existing needle	ref	-	ref	-
Newly developed needle	0.00021 [(−0.059)–(0.063)]	0.95	−0.0042 [(−0.065)–(0.056)]	0.89

Patient characteristics during emergency room arrival

Variables	Overall (n = 522)	Newly developed needles (n = 261)	Exiting needles (n = 261)	p-value
Age, median (IQR), years	73 (57–82)	73 (56–82)	73 (57–81)	0.94
Male sex (n, %)	297 (56.9)	142 (54.4)	155 (59.4)	0.29
Body height, median (IQR), cm	162 (155–168)	161 (155–168)	162 (155–169)	0.49
Body weight, median (IQR), kg	57 (50–67)	57 (50–66)	57 (50–68)	0.54
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2	22.0 (19.5–24.2)	21.8 (19.1–24.3)	22.0 (19.5–24.2)	0.66
Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR)	1 (0–2)	1 (0–2)	1 (0–2)	0.32
SOFA score, median (IQR)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1.8)	0 (0–1)	0.93
Hypertension (n, %)	209 (40.0)	103 (39.5)	106 (40.6)	0.86
Dyslipidemia (n, %)	85 (16.3)	36 (13.8)	49 (18.8)	0.16
Insertion site (n, %)
Hand	13 (2.5)	10 (3.8)	3 (1.1)	0.05
Forearm	385 (73.8)	185 (70.9)	200 (76.6)	0.44
Elbow	113 (21.7)	58 (22.2)	55 (21.1)	0.78
Upper arm	10 (1.9)	7 (2.7)	3 (1.1)	0.21
Lower leg	1 (0.2)	1 (0.4)	0 (0)	-†
Visibility of veins (n, %)	462 (88.5)	230 (88.1)	232 (88.9)	0.89
Palpability of veins (n %)	490 (93.9)	243 (93.1)	247 (94.6)	0.59
Mobility of veins (n, %)	249 (47.7)	126 (48.3)	123 (47.1)	0.86
Inserted by (n, %)
Residents	5 (1.0)	3 (1.1)	2 (0.8)	0.65
Physicians excluding residents	37 (7.1)	19 (7.3)	18 (6.9)	0.87
Individuals with < 5 years of nursing experience	82 (15.7)	42 (16.1)	40 (15.3)	0.83
Individuals with ≥ 6 years of nursing experience	398 (76.3)	197 (75.7)	201 (77.0)	0.84
Catheter gauge (n, %)
20G	330 (63.2)	161 (61.7)	169 (64.8)	0.53
22G	192 (36.8)	100 (38.3)	92 (35.2)	0.56
Major axis of veins, median (IQR), mm	3.0 (2.4–4.0)	3.0 (2.2–4.0)	3.2 (2.6–4.0)	0.02
Major axis of vessels/diameter of PIVCs, median (IQR)	3.1 (2.3–3.8)	3.0 (2.3–3.7)	3.2 (2.6–3.9)	0.04
Movements of patients (n, %)	27 (5.2)	13 (5.0)	14 (5.4)	1.0
Failure of initial insertion (n, %)	81 (15.5)	39 (14.9)	42 (16.1)	0.81
Number of procedures performed until the success of insertion††, median (IQR)	1 (1–1)	1 (1–1)	1 (1–1)	0.86

Result of logistic regression analysis for newly developed needles and failure of initial PIVC insertion

Variables	Univariate analysis OR (95% CI)	p-value	Multivariable analysis OR (95% CI)	p-value
Types of needles
Existing needle	ref	-	ref	-
Newly developed needle	0.92 (0.57–1.47)	0.72	0.79 (0.48–1.31)	0.36