Examining the Impact of Legal Arizona Worker Act on Native Female Labor Supply in the United States
Apr 01, 2020
About this article
Published Online: Apr 01, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2020-0003
Keywords
© 2020 Christian Gunadi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Weights used in construction of synthetic control for low-skilled immigrant analysis in Table 2
| States | Arizona | Alabama | Georgia | Mississippi | North Carolina | South Carolina | Utah | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size of | Share of | Size of | Share of | Size of | Share of | Size of | Share of | Size of | Share of | Size of | Share of | Size of | Share of | |
| Alaska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.257 | 0.035 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.062 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Arkansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| California | 0.000 | 0.107 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Colorado | 0.135 | 0.219 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.199 | 0.189 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.118 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.420 |
| Connecticut | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Delaware | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.043 | 0.151 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| District of | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.000 |
| Columbia | ||||||||||||||
| Florida | 0.152 | 0.271 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.047 | 0.068 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Hawaii | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.034 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Idaho | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Illinois | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Indiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.219 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.310 | 0.147 | 0.097 | 0.261 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Iowa | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.271 |
| Kentucky | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.407 | 0.370 | 0.326 | 0.244 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.367 | 0.212 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Louisiana | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.454 | 0.432 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.370 | 0.196 | 0.171 | 0.034 | 0.165 | 0.251 | 0.151 | 0.044 |
| Maine | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maryland | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.074 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.066 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.000 |
| Massachusetts | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Michigan | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.261 | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Minnesota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Missouri | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Montana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nebraska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nevada | 0.083 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.062 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.052 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.052 |
| New | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.518 | 0.086 |
| Hampshire | ||||||||||||||
| New Jersey | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Mexico | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.071 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New York | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| North | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Dakota | ||||||||||||||
| Ohio | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oklahoma | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oregon | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.057 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.066 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.313 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Rhode Island | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| South | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Dakota | ||||||||||||||
| Tennessee | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.223 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.312 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Texas | 0.037 | 0.403 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.085 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.072 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Vermont | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Virginia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.053 | 0.000 |
| Washington | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.194 | 0.030 | 0.107 | 0.125 | 0.186 | 0.127 |
| West Virginia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.372 | 0.507 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wisconsin | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wyoming | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Weights used in construction of synthetic Arizona for occupation income score analysis in Table 6
| Donor states | Occupation income score | Employment rate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native male | Native female | Native male | Native female | |
| Alaska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Arkansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| California | 0.000 | 0.099 | 0.338 | 0.000 |
| Colorado | 0.199 | 0.211 | 0.000 | 0.621 |
| Connecticut | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Delaware | 0.000 | 0.175 | 0.027 | 0.000 |
| District of Columbia | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Florida | 0.000 | 0.402 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Hawaii | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Idaho | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Illinois | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Indiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Iowa | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kentucky | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Louisiana | 0.219 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maine | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maryland | 0.184 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Massachusetts | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Michigan | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Minnesota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Missouri | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Montana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.198 | 0.000 |
| Nebraska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nevada | 0.146 | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.052 |
| New Hampshire | 0.218 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Jersey | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Mexico | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New York | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| North Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Ohio | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oklahoma | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oregon | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Rhode Island | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| South Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Tennessee | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Texas | 0.000 | 0.081 | 0.110 | 0.000 |
| Vermont | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Virginia | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Washington | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.030 |
| West Virginia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.188 | 0.297 |
| Wisconsin | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wyoming | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Universal E-verify and low-skilled immigrant workforce
| Average pre–post difference in the state | Average pre–post difference in the synthetic state | DD estimates | Rank, lowest to highest | P-value from one-tailed test, | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 23,027 | 71,912 | –48,885 | 1/44 | 0.023 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | –0.008 | 0.003 | –0.011 | 2/44 | 0.045 |
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 12,506 | 16,339 | –3,833 | 7/44 | 0.159 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | 0.006 | 0.007 | –0.002 | 8/44 | 0.182 |
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 39,513 | 41,080 | –1,567 | 15/44 | 0.341 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 26/44 | 0.591 |
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 4,216 | 8,181 | –3,965 | 8/44 | 0.182 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 21/44 | 0.477 |
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 660 | 2,320 | –1,660 | 14/44 | 0.318 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | 0.001 | 0.003 | –0.003 | 5/44 | 0.114 |
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 19,778 | 17,861 | 1,917 | 29/44 | 0.659 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 15/44 | 0.341 |
| Size of low-skilled immigrant workforce | 18,115 | 21,022 | –2,907 | 11/44 | 0.250 |
| Share of low-skilled immigrant in the workforce | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 30/44 | 0.682 |
LAWA and native daily time spent on housework, gardening, and caring for children (hours)
| Avgerage pre–post difference in Arizona | Average pre– post difference in synthetic Arizona | DD Estimates | Rank, highest to lowest | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High skilled | 0.306 | 0.151 | 0.155 | 11/45 | 0.244 |
| Low skilled | −0.604 | −0.067 | −0.537 | 35/38 | 0.921 |
| High skilled | 0.215 | 0.096 | 0.119 | 13/43 | 0.302 |
| Low skilled | −0.323 | 0.156 | −0.479 | 34/37 | 0.919 |
Weights used in construction of synthetic Arizona for time-use analysis in Table 4
| High-skilled female | Low-skilled female | High-skilled male | Low-skilled male | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donor states | Weight | Donor states | Weight | Donor states | Weight | Donor states | Weight |
| Alaska | 0.010 | Arkansas | 0.000 | Arkansas | 0.000 | Arkansas | 0.002 |
| Arkansas | 0.000 | California | 0.000 | California | 0.000 | California | 0.000 |
| California | 0.000 | Colorado | 0.000 | Colorado | 0.180 | Colorado | 0.450 |
| Colorado | 0.275 | Connecticut | 0.000 | Connecticut | 0.000 | Connecticut | 0.000 |
| Connecticut | 0.000 | Florida | 0.209 | Delaware | 0.000 | Florida | 0.189 |
| Delaware | 0.145 | Hawaii | 0.043 | District of | 0.000 | Idaho | 0.000 |
| Columbia | |||||||
| District of | 0.000 | Idaho | 0.073 | Florida | 0.064 | Illinois | 0.000 |
| Columbia | |||||||
| Florida | 0.248 | Illinois | 0.000 | Hawaii | 0.022 | Indiana | 0.000 |
| Hawaii | 0.000 | Indiana | 0.000 | Idaho | 0.000 | Iowa | 0.000 |
| Idaho | 0.149 | Iowa | 0.000 | Illinois | 0.000 | Kansas | 0.000 |
| Illinois | 0.000 | Kansas | 0.000 | Indiana | 0.000 | Kentucky | 0.015 |
| Indiana | 0.000 | Kentucky | 0.000 | Iowa | 0.000 | Louisiana | 0.000 |
| Iowa | 0.000 | Louisiana | 0.000 | Kansas | 0.000 | Maine | 0.000 |
| Kansas | 0.000 | Maryland | 0.051 | Kentucky | 0.000 | Maryland | 0.000 |
| Kentucky | 0.000 | Massachusetts | 0.000 | Louisiana | 0.188 | Massachusetts | 0.000 |
| Louisiana | 0.046 | Michigan | 0.000 | Maine | 0.000 | Michigan | 0.000 |
| Maine | 0.000 | Minnesota | 0.000 | Maryland | 0.000 | Minnesota | 0.000 |
| Maryland | 0.000 | Missouri | 0.000 | Massachusetts | 0.000 | Missouri | 0.000 |
| Massachusetts | 0.000 | Montana | 0.000 | Michigan | 0.000 | Montana | 0.000 |
| Michigan | 0.000 | Nebraska | 0.000 | Minnesota | 0.000 | Nebraska | 0.000 |
| Minnesota | 0.000 | Nevada | 0.127 | Missouri | 0.000 | Nevada | 0.113 |
| Missouri | 0.000 | New Hampshire | 0.000 | Montana | 0.000 | New | 0.000 |
| Hampshire | |||||||
| Montana | 0.000 | New Jersey | 0.000 | Nebraska | 0.000 | New Jersey | 0.000 |
| Nebraska | 0.000 | New Mexico | 0.000 | Nevada | 0.143 | New Mexico | 0.000 |
| Nevada | 0.126 | New York | 0.000 | New Hampshire | 0.000 | New York | 0.000 |
| New Hampshire | 0.000 | Ohio | 0.000 | New Jersey | 0.000 | North Dakota | 0.000 |
| New Jersey | 0.000 | Oklahoma | 0.000 | New Mexico | 0.000 | Ohio | 0.000 |
| New Mexico | 0.000 | Oregon | 0.000 | New York | 0.000 | Oklahoma | 0.000 |
| New York | 0.000 | Pennsylvania | 0.000 | North Dakota | 0.000 | Oregon | 0.002 |
| North Dakota | 0.000 | Rhode Island | 0.000 | Ohio | 0.000 | Pennsylvania | 0.000 |
| Ohio | 0.000 | South Dakota | 0.104 | Oklahoma | 0.000 | Tennessee | 0.000 |
| Oklahoma | 0.000 | Tennessee | 0.000 | Oregon | 0.000 | Texas | 0.166 |
| Oregon | 0.000 | Texas | 0.392 | Pennsylvania | 0.000 | Virginia | 0.063 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.000 | Virginia | 0.000 | Rhode Island | 0.000 | Washington | 0.000 |
| Rhode Island | 0.000 | Washington | 0.001 | South Dakota | 0.089 | West Virginia | 0.000 |
| South Dakota | 0.000 | West Virginia | 0.000 | Tennessee | 0.000 | Wisconsin | 0.000 |
| Tennessee | 0.000 | Wisconsin | 0.000 | Texas | 0.205 | ||
| Texas | 0.000 | Vermont | 0.000 | ||||
| Vermont | 0.000 | Virginia | 0.109 | ||||
| Virginia | 0.000 | Washington | 0.000 | ||||
| Washington | 0.000 | West Virginia | 0.000 | ||||
| West Virginia | 0.000 | Wisconsin | 0.000 | ||||
| Wisconsin | 0.000 | ||||||
| Wyoming | 0.000 | ||||||
Sensitivity check – excluding post-2010
| Average pre–post difference in Arizona | Average pre– post difference in synthetic Arizona | DD estimates | Rank | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High skilled | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 30/45 (lowest | 0.667 |
| Low skilled | -0.011 | -0.007 | -0.004 | 15/45 (lowest | 0.333 |
| High skilled | -0.343 | -0.201 | -0.142 | 12/45 (lowest | 0.267 |
| Low skilled | -0.620 | -0.455 | -0.165 | 17/45 (lowest | 0.378 |
| Number of | 11,650 | 17,435 | -5,785 | 1/44 (lowest to | 0.023 |
| Number of | 8,891 | 3,451 | 5,440 | 3/45 (highest | 0.067 |
LAWA and native labor supply
| Average pre– post difference in Arizona | Average pre–post difference in synthetic Arizona | DD estimates | Rank, lowest to highest | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High skilled | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 31/45 | 0.689 |
| Low skilled | −0.031 | −0.020 | −0.011 | 9/45 | 0.200 |
| Married | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 36/45 | 0.800 |
| High skilled | −0.496 | −0.244 | −0.252 | 8/45 | 0.178 |
| Low skilled | −0.983 | −0.712 | −0.271 | 15/45 | 0.333 |
| Married | −0.148 | 0.070 | −0.217 | 13/45 | 0.289 |
| Wage per hour | |||||
| percentile | |||||
| −100 | −0.317 | 0.106 | −0.423 | 7/45 | 0.156 |
| −75 | −0.319 | −0.170 | −0.149 | 16/45 | 0.356 |
| −50 | −0.505 | −0.395 | −0.110 | 15/45 | 0.333 |
| −25 | −1.168 | −1.017 | −0.151 | 18/45 | 0.400 |
| High skilled | −0.018 | −0.008 | −0.010 | 5/45 | 0.111 |
| Low skilled | −0.069 | −0.046 | −0.023 | 6/45 | 0.133 |
| High skilled | −1.314 | −1.083 | −0.230 | 14/45 | 0.311 |
| Low skilled | −2.157 | −1.377 | −0.779 | 5/45 | 0.111 |
Weights used in construction of synthetic Arizona for household service sector analysis in Table 5
| Donor states | Hourly wage | Native supply | Native male | Native female | Immigrant supply | Immigrant male | Immigrant female | Overall supply |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Arkansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| California | 0.000 | 0.064 | 0.000 | 0.056 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Colorado | 0.102 | 0.386 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.057 | 0.411 |
| Connecticut | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Delaware | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| District of | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Columbia | ||||||||
| Florida | 0.282 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.000 |
| Hawaii | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.000 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Idaho | 0.044 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.110 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.011 |
| Illinois | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Indiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Iowa | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.174 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kentucky | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Louisiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maine | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maryland | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Massachusetts | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.084 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Michigan | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.210 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Minnesota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Missouri | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Montana | 0.099 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.059 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nebraska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nevada | 0.000 | 0.230 | 0.377 | 0.433 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.137 | 0.170 |
| New Hampshire | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Jersey | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.092 | 0.000 | 0.443 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.208 |
| New Mexico | 0.000 | 0.231 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.336 | 0.074 |
| New York | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.000 |
| North Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Ohio | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oklahoma | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.436 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oregon | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.086 | 0.000 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Rhode Island | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| South Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Tennessee | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.159 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Texas | 0.404 | 0.000 | 0.070 | 0.004 | 0.160 | 0.341 | 0.106 | 0.099 |
| Vermont | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Virginia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.585 | 0.219 | 0.000 |
| Washington | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.036 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| West Virginia | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.026 |
| Wisconsin | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wyoming | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
LAWA and household service occupations’ wages/supply
| Average pre–post difference in Arizona | Average pre– post difference in synthetic Arizona | DD estimates | Rank | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log hourly wages | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 18/45 (highest | 0.400 |
| to lowest) | |||||
| Overall immigrant | 10,087 | 19,811 | -9,724 | 1/44 (lowest | 0.023 |
| supply | to highest) | ||||
| Male immigrant | 5,197 | 12,581 | -7,383 | 1/44 (lowest | 0.023 |
| to highest) | |||||
| Female immigrant | 4,890 | 9,090 | -4,200 | 1/44 (lowest | 0.023 |
| to highest) | |||||
| Overall native | 12,391 | 4,755 | 7,636 | 1/45 (highest | 0.022 |
| supply | to lowest) | ||||
| Native male | 8,980 | 2,247 | 6,732 | 1/45 (highest | 0.022 |
| to lowest) | |||||
| Native female | 3,412 | 754 | 2,658 | 6/45 (highest | 0.133 |
| to lowest) | |||||
| Overall | 22,478 | 22,174 | 304 | 27/45 (lowest | 0.600 |
| (immigrant + | to highest) | ||||
| native) supply | |||||
Weights used in construction of synthetic Arizona for female labor supply analysis in Table 3
| Donor states | 0–25 pct. | 25–50 pct. | 50–75 pct. | 75–100 pct. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Arkansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| California | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Colorado | 0.064 | 0.169 | 0.198 | 0.170 |
| Connecticut | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Delaware | 0.000 | 0.087 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| District of Columbia | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.000 | 0.015 |
| Florida | 0.000 | 0.391 | 0.163 | 0.406 |
| Hawaii | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Idaho | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Illinois | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Indiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.054 |
| Iowa | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kentucky | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Louisiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maine | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maryland | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Massachusetts | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Michigan | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Minnesota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Missouri | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Montana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nebraska | 0.240 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nevada | 0.118 | 0.074 | 0.203 | 0.095 |
| New Hampshire | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Jersey | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Mexico | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New York | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.124 | 0.000 |
| North Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Ohio | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oklahoma | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oregon | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Rhode Island | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| South Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Tennessee | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Texas | 0.336 | 0.240 | 0.313 | 0.095 |
| Vermont | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Virginia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.135 |
| Washington | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| West Virginia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.031 |
| Wisconsin | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wyoming | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
LAWA and occupation income score
| Average pre–post difference in Arizona | Average pre– post difference in synthetic Arizona | DD estimates | Rank | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-skilled | -0.844 | -0.474 | -0.369 | 3/45 (lowest | 0.067 |
| native male | to highest) | ||||
| Low-skilled | -0.426 | -0.525 | 0.099 | 27/45 (lowest | 0.600 |
| native female | to highest) | ||||
| Low-skilled | -0.101 | -0.066 | -0.035 | 42/45 (highest | 0.933 |
| native male | to lowest) | ||||
| Low-skilled | -0.050 | -0.027 | -0.023 | 42/45 (highest | 0.933 |
| native female | to lowest) | ||||
Weights used in construction of synthetic Arizona for male labor supply analysis in Table 3
| Donor states | Labor force participation (LFP) | Hours per week | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High skilled | Low skilled | High skilled | Low skilled | |
| Alaska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Arkansas | 0.155 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| California | 0.224 | 0.463 | 0.129 | 0.071 |
| Colorado | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.128 | 0.466 |
| Connecticut | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Delaware | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| District of Columbia | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.022 |
| Florida | 0.124 | 0.000 | 0.220 | 0.011 |
| Hawaii | 0.073 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Idaho | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.034 |
| Illinois | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Indiana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Iowa | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kansas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kentucky | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Louisiana | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maine | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Maryland | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Massachusetts | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Michigan | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Minnesota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Missouri | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Montana | 0.000 | 0.233 | 0.193 | 0.000 |
| Nebraska | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Nevada | 0.115 | 0.000 | 0.160 | 0.315 |
| New Hampshire | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Jersey | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New Mexico | 0.122 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| New York | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| North Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Ohio | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oklahoma | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Oregon | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.020 |
| Pennsylvania | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Rhode Island | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| South Dakota | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Tennessee | 0.084 | 0.000 | 0.111 | 0.000 |
| Texas | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.054 | 0.000 |
| Vermont | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Virginia | 0.000 | 0.070 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Washington | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.061 |
| West Virginia | 0.000 | 0.135 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wisconsin | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Wyoming | 0.103 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Summary statistics
| Arizona | Other states | |
|---|---|---|
| Low-skilled female | 0.66 | 0.68 |
| High-skilled female | 0.80 | 0.82 |
| Married women | 0.72 | 0.75 |
| Single women | 0.80 | 0.80 |
| Male | 0.77 | 0.80 |
| High-skilled male | 0.90 | 0.92 |
| Low-skilled female | 37.41 | 36.74 |
| High-skilled female | 38.78 | 38.19 |
| Married women | 37.56 | 36.94 |
| Single women | 39.61 | 39.05 |
| Low-skilled male | 42.12 | 43.18 |
| High-skilled male | 44.37 | 44.89 |
| Hourly earnings | 7.99 | 8.60 |
| % self-employed | 0.28 | 0.28 |
| % female | 0.60 | 0.68 |