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International migratory agreements: the paradox of adverse interest

José Antonio Alonso

José Antonio Alonso

Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
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Alonso, José Antonio
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Francisco Javier Santos Arteaga

Francisco Javier Santos Arteaga

Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of BolzanoBolzano, Italy
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Arteaga, Francisco Javier Santos
  
Nov 30, 2020
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Published Online: Nov 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajodm-2020-0020
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© 2020 José Antonio Alonso, Francisco Javier Santos Arteaga, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Relation between democracy in host countries and rights of admitted migrants.
Relation between democracy in host countries and rights of admitted migrants.

Figure 2

Relation between rights of migrants and openness.
Relation between rights of migrants and openness.

Figure 3

Relationship between openness and the income gap.
Relationship between openness and the income gap.

Figure 4

Kernel distribution of the normalized income levels difference index.Note: var1 describes the differences in GDP per capita (in PPP) between two partner countries relative to the differences between the richest and poorest country in the world in the year being considered. The variable has been estimated for each five-year period. The vertical axis describes the number of BLAs per income gap.
Kernel distribution of the normalized income levels difference index.Note: var1 describes the differences in GDP per capita (in PPP) between two partner countries relative to the differences between the richest and poorest country in the world in the year being considered. The variable has been estimated for each five-year period. The vertical axis describes the number of BLAs per income gap.

Figure 5

HD (γD,ηS,η) and HD (γD) functions for ηS = 1 – η.
HD (γD,ηS,η) and HD (γD) functions for ηS = 1 – η.

Figure 6

HU (γU, ηS, η) and HU(γμ,ηS_,η¯)−k(ηS−η−S)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{\mu }},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right)-k\left( {{\eta }^{S}}-\eta _{-}^{S} \right)$when ηS = 0.9 and ηS_=0.8.$\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}}=0.8.$In order to simplify the presentation, we have assumed: ϵ = 4; Δ = 2; ξ = 2; δ = 3, for all developing countries.
HU (γU, ηS, η) and HU(γμ,ηS_,η¯)−k(ηS−η−S)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{\mu }},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right)-k\left( {{\eta }^{S}}-\eta _{-}^{S} \right)$when ηS = 0.9 and ηS_=0.8.$\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}}=0.8.$In order to simplify the presentation, we have assumed: ϵ = 4; Δ = 2; ξ = 2; δ = 3, for all developing countries.

ηs thresholds obtained for different (ϵ;Δ;ξ,δ) variables and (γD,γU) values_

Threshold valuesγU = 0.7γU = 0.8γU = 0.9
(ϵ = 2;Δ = 2,ξ =1;δ = 2)0.90.9310.964
(ϵ = 2;Δ = 2,ξ =1;δ = 3)0.870.9130.955
(ϵ = 4;Δ = 2,ξ = 2;δ = 3)0.790.8550.922

j_izajodm-2020-0020_tab_003_w2aab3b7d257b1b6b1ab1b5b9c15Aa

OpenClose
CoopHU (γU ,ηS ,η); HD (γD ,ηS ,η)HU (γU); HD (γD)
DefectHU(γU,ηS_,η¯)−k(ηS−η−S);HD(γD,ηS_,η¯)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{U}},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right)-k\left( {{\eta }^{S}}-\eta _{-}^{S} \right);{{H}^{D}}\left( {{\gamma }^{D}},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right)$HU(γU)−k(ηS−η−−S);HD(γD)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{U}} \right)-k\left( {{\eta }^{S}}-\eta _{--}^{S} \right);{{H}^{D}}\left( {{\gamma }^{D}} \right)$

j_izajodm-2020-0020_tab_001_w2aab3b7d257b1b6b1ab1b5b3Aa

Host
OpenClose
HomeCoopHU(γU,ηS,η);HD(γD,ηS,η)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{U}},{{\eta }^{S}},\eta \right);{{H}^{D}}\left( {{\gamma }^{D}},{{\eta }^{S}},\eta \right)$HU (γU); HD (γD)
DefectHU(γU,ηS_,η¯);HD(γD,ηS_,η¯)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{U}},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right);{{H}^{D}}\left( {{\gamma }^{D}},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right)$HU (γU); HD (γD)

j_izajodm-2020-0020_tab_004_w2aab3b7d257b1b6b1ab2b1b5b3Aa

OpenClose
CoopHU (γU ,ηS ,η); HD (γD ,ηS ,η)HU (γU); HD (γD)
DefectHUγU,ηS_,η¯;HDγD,ηS_,η¯${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{U}},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right);{{H}^{D}}\left( {{\gamma }^{D}},\underline{{{\eta }^{S}}},\bar{\eta } \right)$HU(γU,η¯);HD(γD,η¯)${{H}^{U}}\left( {{\gamma }^{U}},\bar{\eta } \right);{{H}^{D}}\left( {{\gamma }^{D}},\bar{\eta } \right)$
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