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The prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in goats from smallholder farms in Northern Thailand

K. Wuthijaree
K. Wuthijaree
, 
P. Tatsapong
P. Tatsapong
 and 
C. Lambertz
C. Lambertz
   | May 04, 2022
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Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: May 04, 2022
Page range: 64 - 73
Received: Feb 08, 2021
Accepted: Jan 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2022-0007
Keywords
© 2022 K. Wuthijaree, P. Tatsapong, C. Lambertz, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Five districts which were investigated for parasitic infections in small ruminants.
Five districts which were investigated for parasitic infections in small ruminants.

Fig. 2

Distribution of the number of different helminth species found in male and female goats in Northern Thailand.
Distribution of the number of different helminth species found in male and female goats in Northern Thailand.

Prevalence of helminth infections (percentage of infected goats) in male and female goats in Northern Thailand.

Parasitic infection Male
 Female
 X2 P
Total + % Total + %
Strongyles 29 24 82.8 856 656 76.6 0.591 0.442
Trichuris spp. 29 0 0 856 4 0.5 0.136 0.712
Nematodirus spp. 29 0 0 856 8 0.9 0.274 0.601
Dicrocoelium dendriticum 29 0 0 856 1 0.1 0.034 0.854
Eimeria spp. 29 15 51.7 856 430 50.2 0.025 0.875
Moniezia spp. 29 3 10.3 856 129 15.1 0.494 0.482
Others (Strongyloides spp.) 29 0 0 856 6 0.7 0.205 0.651

Third-stage strongylid larvae identified in coprocultures of goats (expressed as mean percentage).

Larval genus Total (%)
Haemonchus contortus 55.84
Strongyloides papillosus 20.53
Teladorsagia 5.80
Bunostomum trigoncephalum 5.00
Charbertia ovina 4.18
Nematodirus spp. 3.46
Trichostrongylus spp. 3.07
Cooperia oncophora 0.92
Cooperia curticei 0.85

Results from a predictive logistic regression model for parasitic infection in goats from Northern Thailand.

Variable Level β SE Wald OR P-Value 95% CI
Sex Male 1 - -
Female -0.16 0.502 0.102 0.852 0.750 0.319 – 2.278
Body Condition Score Good 1 - -
Moderate -0.853 0.718 1.412 0.426 0.235 0.104 – 1.740
Thin -1.061 0.529 4.023 0.346 0.045 0.123 – 0.976

Descriptive statistics (number and percentage of positive samples and mean, SD, Min, and Max) of fecal egg/oocyte counts in goats of 31 Smallholder Farms in Thailand.

Variables Examined Positive [n (%)] Mean SD Min – Max
Gastrointestinal strongyles 885 680 (76.8%) 799.0 1348.6 0 – 13333
Trichuris spp. 885 4 (0.5%) 0.2 3.4 0.58
Nematodirus spp. 885 8 (0.9%) 0.6 7.1 0 – 104
Dicrocoelium dendriticum 885 1 (0.1%) 1.5 1.5 0 – 1368
Eimeria spp. 885 445 (50.3%) 427.6 118.1 0 – 96285
Moniezia spp. 885 132 (14.2%) 69.5 20.0 0 – 15786
Others (Strongyloides spp.) 885 6 (0.7%) 0.6 0.3 0 – 246

Contingency table and odds ratio results for association of explanatory variables with parasites positive for fecal eggs of goats, by parasites.

Variables Infected/ Examined Prevalence (%) 95% CI Odds Ratio P value
Stronglyes (%)
Sex 0.402
Female 656/856 76.6 74.8 – 88.2 1.0
Male 24/29 82.8 46.7 – 91.3 0.654
Body Condition Score 0.163
Good 23/30 76.7 43.2 – 87.6 1.0
Moderate 613/805 76.1 73.5 – 90.3 0.426
Poor 44/50 88.0 76.3 – 99.7 0.430
Moniezia spp.(%)
Sex 0.511
Female 129/856 15.1 10.4 – 21.8 1.0
Male 3/29 2.3 1.3 – 24.9 0.650
Body Condition Score 0.828
Good 4/30 13.3 11.1 – 26.5 1.0
Moderate 119/805 14.8 6.3 – 20.6 0.735
Poor 9/50 18.0 8.1 – 27.9 0.799
Eimeria spp. (%)
Sex 0.895
Female 430/856 50.2 50.2 – 66.2 1.0
Male 15/29 51.7 14.2 – 66.8 0.895
Body Condition Score 0.009
good 15/30 50.0b 13.2 – 65.7 1.0
Moderate 394/805 48.9b 42.4 – 62.3 0.383
Thin 36/50 72.0a 58.2 – 85.8 0.372

Results of the fecal egg (expressed as eggs per gram, EPG) and oocyst (expressed as oocysts per gram, OPG) counts differentiated for the prevalence of gastrointestinal strongylid nematodes (GIN) (classified as negative, low, moderate and high), separated by sex and species ( expressed as % within sex or body condition score).

Sex
 Body condition score
 Total
Male Female Poor Moderate Good
Gastrointestinal strongylid nematodes (GIN)
Mean FECc 455.5 ± 132.8b 810.7 ± 46.6a 1603.3 ± 287.2A 751.3 ± 45.4B 738.5 ± 202.78B 802.1 ± 45.4
Negative 17.2 22.8 12.0 23.2 23.3 22.6
Low (< 500 EPG) 51.7 38.3 38.0 38.8 40.0 38.8
Moderate (500 – 1000 EPG) 17.2 13.6 6.0 14.0 16.7 13.7
High (> 1000 EPG) 13.8 25.4 44.0 24.0 20.0 25.0
Eimeria spp.
Mean FOCc 591.1 ± 245.1 422.0 ± 121.8 172.8 ± 118.1 412.8 ± 124.9 1248.9 ± 945.8 427.6 ± 118.1
Negative 48.3 49.5 28.0 50.8 50.0 49.5
Low (< 1800 OPG) 37.9 47.0 72.0 45.2 43.3 46.7
Moderate (1800 – 6000 OPG) 13.8 2.7 0 3.2 3.3 3.1
High (> 6000 OPG) 0 0.8 0 0.7 3.3 0.8
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