The prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in goats from smallholder farms in Northern Thailand

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Prevalence of helminth infections (percentage of infected goats) in male and female goats in Northern Thailand_

Parasitic infection	Male			Female			X2	P
	Total	+	%	Total	+	%
Strongyles	29	24	82.8	856	656	76.6	0.591	0.442
Trichuris spp.	29	0	0	856	4	0.5	0.136	0.712
Nematodirus spp.	29	0	0	856	8	0.9	0.274	0.601
Dicrocoelium dendriticum	29	0	0	856	1	0.1	0.034	0.854
Eimeria spp.	29	15	51.7	856	430	50.2	0.025	0.875
Moniezia spp.	29	3	10.3	856	129	15.1	0.494	0.482
Others (Strongyloides spp.)	29	0	0	856	6	0.7	0.205	0.651

Third-stage strongylid larvae identified in coprocultures of goats (expressed as mean percentage)_

Larval genus	Total (%)
Haemonchus contortus	55.84
Strongyloides papillosus	20.53
Teladorsagia	5.80
Bunostomum trigoncephalum	5.00
Charbertia ovina	4.18
Nematodirus spp.	3.46
Trichostrongylus spp.	3.07
Cooperia oncophora	0.92
Cooperia curticei	0.85

Results from a predictive logistic regression model for parasitic infection in goats from Northern Thailand_

Variable	Level	β	SE	Wald	OR	P-Value	95% CI
Sex	Male				1	-	-
	Female	-0.16	0.502	0.102	0.852	0.750	0.319 – 2.278
Body Condition Score	Good				1	-	-
	Moderate	-0.853	0.718	1.412	0.426	0.235	0.104 – 1.740
	Thin	-1.061	0.529	4.023	0.346	0.045	0.123 – 0.976

Descriptive statistics (number and percentage of positive samples and mean, SD, Min, and Max) of fecal egg/oocyte counts in goats of 31 Smallholder Farms in Thailand_

Variables	Examined	Positive [n (%)]	Mean	SD	Min – Max
Gastrointestinal strongyles	885	680 (76.8%)	799.0	1348.6	0 – 13333
Trichuris spp.	885	4 (0.5%)	0.2	3.4	0.58
Nematodirus spp.	885	8 (0.9%)	0.6	7.1	0 – 104
Dicrocoelium dendriticum	885	1 (0.1%)	1.5	1.5	0 – 1368
Eimeria spp.	885	445 (50.3%)	427.6	118.1	0 – 96285
Moniezia spp.	885	132 (14.2%)	69.5	20.0	0 – 15786
Others (Strongyloides spp.)	885	6 (0.7%)	0.6	0.3	0 – 246

Contingency table and odds ratio results for association of explanatory variables with parasites positive for fecal eggs of goats, by parasites_

Variables	Infected/ Examined	Prevalence (%)	95% CI	Odds Ratio	P value
	Stronglyes (%)
Sex					0.402
Female	656/856	76.6	74.8 – 88.2	1.0
Male	24/29	82.8	46.7 – 91.3	0.654
Body Condition Score					0.163
Good	23/30	76.7	43.2 – 87.6	1.0
Moderate	613/805	76.1	73.5 – 90.3	0.426
Poor	44/50	88.0	76.3 – 99.7	0.430
	Moniezia spp.(%)
Sex					0.511
Female	129/856	15.1	10.4 – 21.8	1.0
Male	3/29	2.3	1.3 – 24.9	0.650
Body Condition Score					0.828
Good	4/30	13.3	11.1 – 26.5	1.0
Moderate	119/805	14.8	6.3 – 20.6	0.735
Poor	9/50	18.0	8.1 – 27.9	0.799
	Eimeria spp. (%)
Sex					0.895
Female	430/856	50.2	50.2 – 66.2	1.0
Male	15/29	51.7	14.2 – 66.8	0.895
Body Condition Score					0.009
good	15/30	50.0b	13.2 – 65.7	1.0
Moderate	394/805	48.9b	42.4 – 62.3	0.383
Thin	36/50	72.0a	58.2 – 85.8	0.372

Results of the fecal egg (expressed as eggs per gram, EPG) and oocyst (expressed as oocysts per gram, OPG) counts differentiated for the prevalence of gastrointestinal strongylid nematodes (GIN) (classified as negative, low, moderate and high), separated by sex and species ( expressed as % within sex or body condition score)_

	Sex		Body condition score			Total
	Male	Female	Poor	Moderate	Good
Gastrointestinal strongylid	nematodes	(GIN)
Mean FECc	455.5 ± 132.8b	810.7 ± 46.6a	1603.3 ± 287.2A	751.3 ± 45.4B	738.5 ± 202.78B	802.1 ± 45.4
Negative	17.2	22.8	12.0	23.2	23.3	22.6
Low (< 500 EPG)	51.7	38.3	38.0	38.8	40.0	38.8
Moderate (500 – 1000 EPG)	17.2	13.6	6.0	14.0	16.7	13.7
High (> 1000 EPG)	13.8	25.4	44.0	24.0	20.0	25.0
Eimeria spp.
Mean FOCc	591.1 ± 245.1	422.0 ± 121.8	172.8 ± 118.1	412.8 ± 124.9	1248.9 ± 945.8	427.6 ± 118.1
Negative	48.3	49.5	28.0	50.8	50.0	49.5
Low (< 1800 OPG)	37.9	47.0	72.0	45.2	43.3	46.7
Moderate (1800 – 6000 OPG)	13.8	2.7	0	3.2	3.3	3.1
High (> 6000 OPG)	0	0.8	0	0.7	3.3	0.8