[
1. Ghorani-Azam, A., Riahi-Zanjani, B., Balali-Mood, M., 2016: Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. J. Res. Med. Sci., 21, 1, 65. DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.189646
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Luo, L., Wang, B., Jiang, J., Fitzgerald, M., Huang, Q., Yu, Z., et al., 2021: Heavy metal contaminations in herbal medicines: determination, comprehensive risk assessments, and solutions. Front. Pharmacol., 11. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595335
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Tchounwou, P. B, Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., Sutton, D. J., 2012: Heavy metal toxicity and the environment, EXS, 101, 133–164. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Fukada, T., Kambe, T., 2011: Molecular and genetic features of zinc transporters in physiology and pathogenesis. Metallomics, 3, 7, 662–674. DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00011j
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Femi-Akinlosotu, O. M., Olopade, F. E., Obiako, J., Olopade, J.O., Shokunbi, M. T., 2023: Vanadium improves memory and spatial learning and protects the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in juvenile hydrocephalic mice. Front. Neurol., 14. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1116727
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. Mehri, A., 2020: Trace elements in human nutrition (II) -an update. Int. J. Prev. Med., 11, 1, 2. DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm. IJPVM_48_19
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Ramos, P., Santos, A., Pinto, N. R., Mendes, R., Magalhães, T., Almeida, A., 2014: Anatomical region differences and age-related changes in copper, zinc, and manganese levels in the human brain. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res., 161, 190–201. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0093-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Kardos, J., Héja, L., Simon, Á., Jablonkai, I., Kovács, R., Jemnitz, K., 2018: Copper signalling: causes and consequences. Cell Commun. Signal., 16, 71. DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0277-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. Georgieff, M. K., 2008: The role of iron in neurodevelopment: fetal iron deficiency and the developing hippocampus. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 36, 6, 1267–1271. DOI: 10.1042/BST0361267
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Ijomone, O. M., Ifenatuoha, C. W., Aluko, O. M., Ijomone, O. K., Aschner, M., 2020: The aging brain: impact of heavy metal neurotoxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 50, 9, 801–814. DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1838441
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Jadhav, S. H., Sarkar, S. N., Patil, R. D., Tripathi, H. C., 2007: Effects of subchronic exposure via drinking water to a mixture of eight water-contaminating metals: A biochemical and histopathological study in male rats. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 53, 667–677. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-0031-0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. Usende, I. L., Alimba, C. G., Emikpe, B. O., Bakare, A. A., Olopade, J. O., 2018: Intraperitoneal sodium metavana-date exposure induced severe clinicopathological alterations, hepato-renal toxicity and cytogenotoxicity in African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse, 1840). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 26383–26393. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2588-8
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Deng, Y., Wang, M., Tian, T., Lin, S., Xu, P., Zhou, L., et al., 2019: The Effect of hexavalent chromium on the incidence and mortality of human cancers: A meta-analysis based on published epidemiological cohort studies. Front. Oncol., 9, 24. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00024
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Clancy, H. A., Sun, H., Passantino, L., Kluz, T., Muñoz, A., Zavadil, J., et al., 2012: Gene expression changes in human lung cells exposed to arsenic, chromium, nickel or vanadium indicate the first steps in cancer. Metallomics, 2012, 4, 8, 784–793. DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20074k
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Koedrith, P., Kim, H., Weon, J. I., Seo, Y. R., 2013: Toxicogenomic approaches for understanding molecular mechanisms of heavy metal mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health., 216, 5, 587–598. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijheh.2013.02.010
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Milam, C., Buba, M., Dogara, R. K., Yila, E. Y., 2017: Assessment of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in blood samples of sheep and rabbits Jimeta-Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. IJAPBC, 6, 3, 2277–4688.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Jubril, A. J., Kabiru, M., Olopade, J. O., Taiwo, V. O., 2017: Biological monitoring of heavy metals in goats exposed to environmental contamination in Bagega, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Adv. Environ. Biol., 11, 6, 11–18.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. Jubril, A. J., Obasa, A. A., Mohammed, S. A., Olopade, J. O., Taiwo, V. O., 2019: Neuropathological lesions in the brains of goats In North-Western Nigeria: possible impact of artisanal mining. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 26, 36, 36589–36597. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06611-y
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Hammond, P. B., Aronson, A. L., 1964: Lead poisoning in cattle and horses in the vicinity of a smelter. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 111, 2, 595-611. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb53128.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Tsuchiya, K., 1992: The discovery of the causal agent of Minamata disease. Am. J. Ind. Med., 21, 2, 275-280.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Roelofs, P., 2021: Urban renewal in Ibadan, Nigeria: World class but essentially Yoruba, African Affairs, 120, 480, 391–415. DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adab021
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Olopade, J. O., Mustapha, O. A., Fatola, O. I., Ighorodje, E., Folarin, O. R., Olopade, F. E., et al., 2023: Neuropatho-logical profile of the African Giant Rat brain (Cricetomys gambianus) after natural exposure to heavy metal environmental pollution in the Nigerian Niger Delta. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 30, 120496–120514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30619-0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Igado, O. O., Andrioli, A., Azeez, I. A., Girolamo, F., Errede, M., Aina, O. O., et al., 2020: The ameliorative effects of a phenolic derivative of Moringa oleifera leave against vanadium-induced neurotoxicity in mice. IBRO Reports, 9, 164–182. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.07.004
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Perkin-Elmer, 1996: Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Perkin-Elmer Corporation, USA
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Khazaeli, S., Nezamabadi, N., Rabani, M., Panahi, H. A., 2013: A new functionalized resin and its application in flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of heavy metal ions after solid phase extraction in water samples. Microchem. J., 106, 147–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.06.002
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Hernández-Plata, I., Rodríguez, V. M., Tovar-Sánchez, E., Carrizalez, L., Villalobos, P., Mendoza-Trejo, M. S., et al., 2020: Metal brain bioaccumulation and neurobehavioral effects on the wild rodent (Liomys irroratus) inhabiting mine tailing areas. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 27, 29, 36330–36349. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09451-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Morais, S., Costa, F. G., Pereira, M. L., 2012: Heavy metals and human health, In Environmental health – emerging issues and practice. InTech. DOI: 10.5772/29869
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. Gall, J. E., Boyd, R. S., Rajakaruna, N., 2015: Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. Environ. Monit. Assess., 187, 201. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Basu, N., Scheuhammer, A. M., Sonne, C., Letcher, R. J., Born, E. W., Dietz, R. 2009: Is dietary mercury of neurotoxicological concern to wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus)? Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 1, 133–140. DOI: 10.1897/08-251.1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Krey, A., Kwan, M., Chan, H. M., 2014: In vivo and in vitro changes in neurochemical parameters related to mercury concentrations from specific brain regions of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 33, 11, 2463–2471. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2685
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Krey, A., Ostertag, S. K., Chan, H. M., 2015: Assessment of neurotoxic effects of mercury in beluga whales (Delphi-napterus leucas), ringed seals (Pusa hispida), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Canadian Arctic. Sci. Total. Env., 509–510, 237–247. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.134
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. Ostertag, S. K., Shaw, A. C., Basu, N., Chan, H. M., 2014: Molecular and neurochemical biomarkers in Arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) were correlated to brain mercury and selenium concentrations. Env. Sci. Technol., 48, 19, 11551–11559. DOI: 10.1021/es501369b
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Meador, J. P., Ernest, D., Hohn, A. A., Tilbury, K., Gorzelany, J., Worthy, G., et al., 1999: Comparison of elements in bottlenose dolphins stranded on the beaches of Texas and Florida in the Gulf of Mexico over a one-year period. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36, 87–98. DOI: 10.1007/s002449900446
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Dornbos, P., Strom, S., Basu, N., 2013: Mercury exposure and neurochemical biomarkers in multiple brain regions of Wisconsin River Otters (Lontra canadensis). Ecotoxicology, 22, 469–475. DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1040-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Erry, B. V., Macnair, M. R., Meharg, A. A., Shore, R. F., 2005: The distribution of arsenic in the body tissues of wood mice and bank voles. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 49, 569–576. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-004-0229-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Thomson, C., Hahn, C., Johnson, C., 2012: Veterinary Neuroanatomy: A Clinical Approach. Edinburgh: Saunders/Elsevier, ISBN 9780702034824.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Kim, J. J., Kim, Y. S., Kumar, V. 2019: Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 54, 226-231. DOI: 10.1016/j. jtemb.2019.05.003
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Kalisińska, E., Salicki, W., Mysłek, P., Kavetska, K. M., Jackowski, A., 2004: Using the mallard to biomonitor heavy metal contamination of wetlands in north-western Poland. Sci. Total. Environ., 320, 2-3, 145–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.014
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Kalisinska, E., Lanocha-Arendarczyk, N., Kosik-Bogacka, D., Budis, H., Podlasinska, J., Popiolek, M., et al., 2016. Brains of native and alien mesocarnivores in biomonitoring of toxic metals in Europe. PLoS One, 11, 8, 1–27. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159935
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. Cid, F. D., Gatica-Sosa, C., Anton, R. I., Caviedes-Vidal, E., 2009: Contamination of heavy metals in birds from Embalse La Florida (San Luis, Argentina). J. Environ. Monit., 11, 2044–2051. DOI: 10.1039/b906227k
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Lindsay, D., Kerr, W., 2011: Cobalt close-up. Nat. Chem., 3, 494. DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1053
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Jumba, I. O., Kisia, S. M., Kock, R., 2007: Animal health problems attributed to environmental contamination in Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya: A case study on heavy metal poisoning in the Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa (Ruppel, 1835). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 52, 270–281. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-005-0241-2
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., Beeregowda, K. N., 2014: Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip. Toxicol., 7, 2, 60–72. DOI: 10.2478/intox-2014-0009
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxicological-profiles/glossary/index.html#heading-c. Accessed May 25, 2025.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
45. Maľová, J., Ciberej, J., Maľa, P., Zigo, F., Semjon, B., 2019: Heavy metal levels in the tissues of wild living animals from two distinct industrially exploited areas in Slovakia. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 52, 3, 100–110.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
46. Aloupi, M., Karagianni, A., Kazantzidis, S., Akriotis, T., 2017: Heavy metals in liver and brain of waterfowl from the Evros Delta, Greece. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 72, 215–234. DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0349-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
47. Lambert, M., Leven, B. A., Green, R. M., 2000: New methods of cleaning up heavy metal in soils and water. Environmental Science and Technology Briefs for Citizens.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
48. Kumar, V., Kalita, J., Misra, U. K., Bora, H. K., 2015: A study of dose response and organ susceptibility of copper toxicity in a rat model. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 29, 269–274. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.06.004
]Search in Google Scholar
[
49. Aaseth, J., Crisponi, G., Andersen, O., 2016: Chelation therapy in the treatment of metal intoxication, 1st edition, Academic Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
50. Igado, O. O., Olopade, J. O., Onwuka, S. K., Onwuka, A. C, Daramola, O. A, Ajufo, U. E., 2008: Evidence of environmental pollution in caprine brains obtained from a relatively unindustrialized area in Nigeria. African J. Biomed. Res., 11, 3, 305–309. DOI: 10.4314/ajbr.v11i3.50744
]Search in Google Scholar
[
51. Valko, M., Morris, H., Cronin, M. T. D., 2005: Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr. Med. Chem., 12, 10, 1161–1208. DOI: 10.2174/0929867053764635
]Search in Google Scholar
[
52. Kalisińska, E., 2000: Lead and other heavy metals in the brain of geese hunted in the vicinity of Slonsk, Poland. Biol. Bull. Poznań, 37, 2, 273–286.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
53. Havera, S. P., Wood, S. G., Georgi, M. M., 1992: Blood and tissue parameters in wild mallards redosed with lead shot. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 49, 238–245.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
54. Stout, J. D., Brinker, D. F., Driscoll, C. P., Davison, S., Murphy, L. A., 2010: Serum biochemistry values, plasma mineral levels, and whole blood heavy metal measurements in wild Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). J. Zoo. Wildl. Med., 41, 4, 649–655. DOI: 10.1638/2009-0258.1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
55. de Carvalho, F. M., Gaunt, S. D., Kearney, M. T., Rich, G. A., Tully, T. N. Jr., 2009: Reference intervals of plasma calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium for African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis). J. Zoo. Wildl. Med., 40, 4, 675–679. DOI: 10.1638/2009-0012.1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
56. Tarale, P., Chakrabarti, T., Sivanesan, S., Naoghare, P., Bafana, A., Krishnamurthi, K., 2016: Potential role of epigenetic mechanism in manganese induced neurotoxicity. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016, 2548792. DOI: 10.1155/2016/2548792
]Search in Google Scholar
[
57. Tomza-Marciniak, A., Pilarczyk, B., Bąkowska, M., Ligocki, M., Gaik, M., 2012: Lead, cadmium and other metals in serum of pet dogs from an urban area of NW Poland. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 149, 345-51. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9433-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
58. Nam, D. H., Rutkiewicz, J., Basu, N., 2012: Multiple metals exposure and neurotoxic risk in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from two Great Lakes states. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 31, 3, 623–631. DOI: 10.1002/etc.1712
]Search in Google Scholar