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Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions with the Use of Lignins and Biomass

Patrycja Miros-Kudra

Patrycja Miros-Kudra

Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź, Institute of TechnologyLodz, Poland
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Miros-Kudra, Patrycja
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Paulina Sobczak

Paulina Sobczak

  • Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź, Institute of TechnologyLodz, Poland
  • Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of ChemistryLodz, Poland
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Sobczak, Paulina
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Ewa Kopania

Ewa Kopania

Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź, Institute of TechnologyLodz, Poland
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Jun 02, 2022
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Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Jun 02, 2022
Page range: 99 - 111
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2022-0013
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© 2022 Patrycja Miros-Kudra et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Plausible mechanism of biosorption based on [17]
Plausible mechanism of biosorption based on [17]

Fig. 2

Schematic structure of lignocellulosic biomass
Schematic structure of lignocellulosic biomass

Fig. 3

Scheme of black liquor formation, based on [87]
Scheme of black liquor formation, based on [87]

Fig. 4

Lignin precursors, often referred to as phenylpropanoid units
Lignin precursors, often referred to as phenylpropanoid units

Fig. 5

Adsorbents of natural origin
Adsorbents of natural origin

Summary of work done by different researchers using different waste materials to remove heavy metal ions

Biosorbents Metal ion Results Reference
Chitosan chitosan / hydroxyapatite / nanomagnetic composite Zn 50% [37]
Cu 80%
permutite with chitosan Zn 58,8 [38]
Cu 50,2
chitosan micro and nanoparticles Zn >90% [39]
Rice bran Zn 95,22 [27]
Cd >80% [29]
Cr(VI) 40–50%
Zn(II) 87%
Cr(VI), Ni(II) 40–50% [17]
Alginate Cu >90% [48], [44]
Cd
Pb, Zn [54]
Coconut fibers Zn 91% [54]
Cu 97%
Cr(VI) >80% [17]
Agricultural waste biomass corn cobs Zn 72% [71]
Ni 82%
waste from tea leaves Zn 90% [72]
Ni(II) 86% [17]
mango wood sawdust Cu(II) 60%
Lignin Cu, Cd 90–95% [119]
Pb >90% [114]
Cr(VI) 85% [115]
Lignin-chitin composite Fe(III) 84% [116],[117]
Cu(II) 22%

Approximated lignin content and lignin building block composition in different raw materials

Hardwood Softwood Grass
Lignin content [99] 18–25% 27–33% 17–24%
Lignin building block composition [91] G+S G H+G+S
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