PIPP/PIPP-R Scale |
HR and oxygen saturation |
Brow bulge, eye squeeze, and nasolabial furrow |
PIPP is suitable for 28–40 weeks of gestational age;PIPP-R is suitable for gestational age for 25–41 weeks |
Score: 0–18 (full-term);0–21 (preterm).≥7 points indicate pain;>12 points indicate moderate to severe pain |
Procedural painPostoperative pain |
N-PASS Scale |
HR, RR, BP, and SaO2 |
Crying/irritability, behavior state, facial expression, and extremity tone |
Preterm and term infants |
Score: 0–10.>3 points indicate pain;−10 to −5 indicate deep sedation;−5 to −2 denote mild sedation |
Acute pain, prolonged pain, and sedation |
NFCS |
None |
Brow bulge, eye squeeze, nasolabial furrow, open lips, stretch mouth (vertical), stretch mouth (horizontal), lip purse, taut tongue, and chin quiver |
Preterm and term infants |
Score: 0–9 (full-term);0–10 (preterm).>3 points indicate pain |
Procedural pain |
EDIN Scale |
None |
Facial activity, body movements, quality of sleep, quality of contact with nurses, and consolability |
Preterm infants of gestational age 25–36 weeks |
Score: 0–15.≥7 points indicate pain |
Prolonged pain |
CRIES Scale |
Increased Vital Signs (HR and BP), oxygen saturation |
Crying, facial expression, sleeplessness |
Term infants and preterm infants of gestational age ≥32 weeks |
Score: 0–10.≥4 points indicate pain |
Postoperative pain |
COMFORT neo Scale |
None |
Alertness, calmness/agitation, respiratory response (in mechanically ventilated children), crying (in spontaneously breathing children), body movement, facial tension, and (body) muscle tone (observation only) |
Preterm infants |
Score: 6–30.≥14 indicate pain;≤8 indicates the risk of excessive sedation |
Prolonged pain |
COVERS Scale |
HR, BP, respiration, and oxygen requirement |
Crying, expression, resting, and signaling distress |
Preterm and term infants |
Scale: 0–12.≥7 points indicate pain |
Procedural pain |
PAIN Scale |
O2 required for Sat >95%, HR, and breathing pattern |
Facial expression, cry, extremity movement, and state of arousal |
Preterm and term infants (gestational age with 26–47 weeks) |
Score: 0–10.≥4 points indicate pain |
Postoperative pain and procedural pain |
NIPS Scale |
Breathing patterns |
Facial expression, cry, arms, legs, and state of arousal |
Preterm and term infants (gestational age with 26–47 weeks) |
Score: 0–7.≥4 points indicate pain |
Procedural pain |