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The effects of organic and conventional fertilization on oregano (Origanum onites L.) yield and quality factors

Filiz Öktüren Asri
Filiz Öktüren Asri
   | Jun 26, 2023
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Article Category: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Published Online: Jun 26, 2023
Page range: 209 - 219
Received: Jan 18, 2023
Accepted: Apr 21, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0016
Keywords
© 2023 Filiz Öktüren Asri, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

EO, essential oil quantity. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (**p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.
EO, essential oil quantity. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (**p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

Figure 2.

EOY, essential oil yield. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.
EOY, essential oil yield. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

Figure 3.

TPC (total phenolic content) of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (ns: p > 0.05). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.
TPC (total phenolic content) of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (ns: p > 0.05). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

Figure 4.

TFC (total flavonoid content) of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (**p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.
TFC (total flavonoid content) of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (**p < 0.01). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK; FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

Figure 5.

IC50 values of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (ns: p > 0.05). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK, FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.
IC50 values of oregano. With a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different by LSD’s multiple range test (ns: p > 0.05). C, control; CM, chicken manure; F, NPK, FYM, farmyard manure; SMC, spent mushroom compost; VC, vermicompost.

Meteorological data of the experiment years.

Months Total precipitation (mm) Mean temperature (°C)
LYA* 2019 2020 2021 LYA* 2019 2020 2021
January 234.6 300.0 142.0 317.0 10.0 9.6 10.1 11.2
February 152.1 127.0 97.0 26.0 10.7 11.4 11.1 12.3
March 94.0 72.0 22.0 35.0 12.9 13.4 13.6 12.6
April 49.4 149.0 27.0 4.0 16.4 15.8 16.6 16.8
May 32.1 7.0 53.0 5.0 20.6 21.3 21.5 22.3
June 11.0 13.0 1.0 18.0 25.3 25.8 23.8 25.0
July 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.5 28.6 28.6 29.7
August 4.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 28.4 28.7 28.4 28.3
September 16.6 77.0 0.0 24.0 25.2 25.2 27.0 24.7
October 67.9 19.0 26.0 14.0 20.6 22.5 22.0 20.6
November 132.1 71.0 33.0 382.0 15.5 16.1 15.9 17.6
December 261.2 262.0 440.0 236.0 11.6 11.8 13.3 13.3
Total 1 060.0 1 097.0 842.0 1 062.0 − − − −
Mean − − − − 18.8 19.2 19.3 19.5

The properties of organic fertilizers.

Parameters FYM SMC CM VC
pH 8.8 7.4 8.2 9.1
EC (dS · m−1) 1.11 5.11 5.98 2.65
Moisture (%) 58 39 20 50
Dry matter (%) 42 61 80 50
Organic matter (%) 66 51 51 58
Ash (%) 34 49 49 42
Total N (%) 1.70 1.8 3.5 2.3
C (%) 38 30 28.5 33.7
C/N 22 17 8.14 14.6
Total P (%) 0.36 0.40 2.03 0.65
Total K (%) 1.45 2.30 3.45 2.60
Total Ca (%) 7.0 7.7 12.55 3.97
Total Mg (%) 0.98 1.51 1.03 1.05
Total Fe (mg · kg−1) 2 380 5 075 1 625 7 500
Total Mn (mg · kg−1) 288 393 394 350
Total Zn (mg · kg−1) 90 185 414 140
Total Cu (mg · kg−1) 29 53 62.5 40
Total Cd (mg · kg−1) 2.9 2.4 2.0 2.85
Total Co (mg · kg−1) 6.3 7.3 2.5 7.5
Total Cr (mg · kg−1) 10.0 39.4 10.0 20.0
Total Ni (mg · kg−1) 19.4 60.0 10.0 27.5
Total Pb (mg · kg−1) 8.5 1.6 3.75 7.5

Effects of applications on macroelement concentration of oregano

Treatments N (%) P (%) K (%) Ca (%) Mg (%)
1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year
C 1.85 b 1.96 c 0.18 c 0.20 b 1.92 c 2.12 c 1.21 c 1.23 b 0.20 0.22
F 1.92 a 2.08 ab 0.19 bc 0.22 a 1.96 c 2.27 ab 1.33 ab 1.30 ab 0.22 0.25
FM 1.92 a 2.06 ab 0.21 ab 0.23 a 2.06 b 2.22 ab 1.30 b 1.28 b 0.21 0.23
SMC 1.95 a 2.00 bc 0.22 a 0.22 a 2.06 b 2.21 b 1.26 bc 1.24 b 0.22 0.23
CM 1.93 a 2.00 bc 0.22 a 0.22 a 2.04 b 2.20 bc 1.26 bc 1.27 b 0.20 0.23
VC 1.97 a 2.11 a 0.22 a 0.22 a 2.13 a 2.29 a 1.34 a 1.38 a 0.22 0.24
F-values 3.28* 3.48* 5.84** 3.61* 6.99** 4.38** 5.21** 3.71* 1.51ns 1.26ns
LSD 0.03 0.04 0.007 0.009 0.026 0.04 0.03 0.039 − −

Effects of applications on micro element concentration of oregano

Treatments Fe (mg · kg−1) Zn (mg · kg−1) Mn (mg · kg−1) Cu (mg · kg−1)
1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year
C 256.25 287.77 d 17.07 c 16.16 c 19.88 36.15 9.07 12.94
F 257.75 328.52 ab 17.37 c 18.01 b 22.12 44.31 9.74 13.09
FYM 271.25 343.67 a 18.45 bc 18.78 ab 20.38 36.55 9.60 13.13
SMC 272.50 320.80 abc 21.00 a 19.76 a 25.71 37.90 10.04 13.04
CM 260.27 297.02 bcd 20.17 ab 17.62 b 21.28 39.06 10.68 13.06
VC 280.27 292.32 cd 18.50 bc 18.22 b 21.32 39.85 9.57 13.13
F-values 0.49ns 4.30** 5.09** 6.46** 1.54ns 1.48ns 0.79ns 0.20ns
LSD − 15.40 0.97 0.67 − − − −

Effects of applications on oregano EO components.

Components C F FYM SMC CM VC F-values F-values
1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year
α-Pinene 0.48 c 0.54 0.57 ab 0.56 0.61 a 0.57 0.53 bc 0.40 0.52 bc 0.38 0.58 ab 0.44 3.15* 1.78ns
α-Thujene 1.21 b 0.87 b 1.37 ab 1.29 a 1.47 a 0.98 b 1.39 a 0.88 b 1.31 ab 0.83 b 1.47 a 0.80 b 2.91* 4.32*
Camphene 0.25 0.35 bc 0.26 0.38 bc 0.30 0.54 ab 0.29 0.60 a 0.31 0.37 bc 0.33 0.23 c 1.30ns 3.74*
Myrcene 1.45 b 1.22 b 1.58 b 1.37 a 1.90 a 1.32 ab 1.67 ab 1.18 b 1.57 b 1.19 b 1.65 ab 1.27 ab 2.98* 3.15*
α-Phellandrene 0.26 ab 0.23 0.23 b 0.32 0.32 a 0.23 0.21 b 0.18 0.22 b 0.17 0.20 b 0.17 4.29* 2.53ns
β-Phellandrene tr 0.28 b tr 0.48 a tr 0.30 ab tr 0.18 b tr 0.16 b tr 0.23 b − 3.49*
α-Terpinene 1.73 1.16 1.67 1.24 1.94 1.18 1.81 1.18 1.72 1.39 1.88 1.28 0.61ns 0.55ns
Ɣ-Terpinene 7.79 3.90 7.65 4.32 10.54 4.35 7.85 4.40 7.28 4.91 9.29 4.79 1.76ns 0.76ns
Limonene tr 0.40 b tr 0.37 bc tr 0.55 a tr 0.24 d tr 0.22 d tr 0.30 cd − 15.2***
1-Octen-3-ol tr 0.37 tr 0.53 tr 0.56 tr 0.41 tr 0.40 tr 0.37 − 4.16*
p-Cymene 7.97 4.19 b 4.65 4.22 b 5.85 4.20 b 5.45 4.71 ab 4.88 5.21 a 4.92 4.54 b 2.76ns 3.64*
trans-Sabinene hydrate 0.50 0.55 0.23 0.65 0.35 0.63 0.38 0.52 0.39 0.61 0.47 0.44 1.40ns 1.68ns
Linalool 0.31 0.17 c 0.37 0.23 c 0.56 0.68 b 0.64 1.44 a 0.24 0.25 bc 0.32 1.17 a 2.53ns 13.14***
β-Caryophyllene 3.83 a 1.49 1.03 c 1.97 2.26 b 1.99 1.05 c 1.86 0.86 c 1.83 0.98 c 1.83 36.7*** 1.62ns
α-Terpineol 0.29 0.18 0.23 0.34 0.23 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.16 0.22 1.47ns 2.36ns
Terpinen-4-ol 0.31 e 1.78 1.28 c 1.90 0.94 d 1.45 2.19 a 1.70 1.62 b 2.10 1.13 cd 1.78 32.4*** 2.38ns
Borneol 1.29 0.67 c 1.41 0.78 ab 1.61 0.62 c 1.57 0.82 a 1.17 0.66 c 1.51 0.69 bc 1.27ns 6.06**
β-Bisabolene 0.98 2.72 0.75 3.48 0.82 2.71 0.81 3.03 0.98 3.12 0.95 2.92 0.86ns 0.99ns
Germacrene D 0.26 0.48 b 0.32 0.49 b 0.26 0.59 b 0.34 0.57 b 0.27 1.25 a 0.27 0.55 b 1.35ns 34.3***
T-Cadinol 0.40 0.87 bc 0.21 1.20 a 0.30 1.01 ab 0.30 0.88 bc 0.41 0.97abc 0.24 0.68 c 1.78ns 2.95*
Thymol 13.87 ab 19.27 7.35 bc 12.20 6.77 c 11.91 12.86 bc 13.98 19.95 a 16.51 12.43 bc 16.04 4.77** 1.62ns
Carvacrol 55.49 56.82 68.40 61.02 62.63 63.33 59.88 60.34 55.81 57.03 60.91 59.10 1.88ns 0.95ns

The effects of applications on fresh and dry herb yield of oregano.

Treatments Fresh herb yield (kg · ha−1) Dry herb yield (kg · ha−1)
1st year 2nd year 1st year 2nd year
C 20 800 b 24 060 c 10 400 10 100
NPK 25 320 a 28 630 a 12 910 11 660
FYM 23 180 ab 26 720 ab 11 180 10 500
SMC 21 980 b 27 330 ab 10 630 11 540
CM 21 500 b 25 410 bc 10 890 10 480
VC 21 660 b 26 890 ab 11 090 11 440
F-values 3.31* 3.54* 3.09ns 2.63ns
LSD 1 263 1 191 − −
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