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Investigation of stem anatomy in relation to hydraulic conductance, vegetative growth and yielding potential of ‘Summit’ cherry trees grafted on different rootstock candidates

Tijana Narandžić
Tijana Narandžić
, 
Mirjana Ljubojević
Mirjana Ljubojević
, 
Jovana Ostojić
Jovana Ostojić
, 
Goran Barać
Goran Barać
 and 
Vladislav Ognjanov
Vladislav Ognjanov
   | Sep 02, 2021
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Article Category: Original Article
Published Online: Sep 02, 2021
Page range: 248 - 264
Received: Jun 08, 2021
Accepted: Jul 29, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0019
Keywords
© 2021 Tijana Narandžić et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Rootstock influence on VLA in rootstock candidates and grafted ‘Summit’ cherry trees: (A) PC_02_01/4 rootstock candidate; (B) ‘Summit’/PC_02_01/4 scion-rootstock combination; (C) PF_02_16 rootstock candidate; (D) ‘Summit’/PF_02_16 scion-rootstock combination. VLA, vessel lumen area.
Rootstock influence on VLA in rootstock candidates and grafted ‘Summit’ cherry trees: (A) PC_02_01/4 rootstock candidate; (B) ‘Summit’/PC_02_01/4 scion-rootstock combination; (C) PF_02_16 rootstock candidate; (D) ‘Summit’/PF_02_16 scion-rootstock combination. VLA, vessel lumen area.

Figure 2

Percentages of vessels per size category in the secondary wood of (A) rootstock stems and (B) scion stems of grafted sweet cherry trees. Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).
Percentages of vessels per size category in the secondary wood of (A) rootstock stems and (B) scion stems of grafted sweet cherry trees. Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

Figure 3

Diagrams of correlations between: (A) Ve and kh(T) in 2019; (B) Ve and kh(T) in 2020; (C) Ve and yielding potential in 2019; (D) kh(T) and yielding potential in 2020.
Diagrams of correlations between: (A) Ve and kh(T) in 2019; (B) Ve and kh(T) in 2020; (C) Ve and yielding potential in 2019; (D) kh(T) and yielding potential in 2020.

Figure 4

Yielding potential of seven scion-rootstock combinations in three consecutive years. Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).
Yielding potential of seven scion-rootstock combinations in three consecutive years. Mean values designated with the same letter were not significantly different according to Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05).

Correlation coefficients between secondary wood anatomical characteristics of rootstocks’ and scions’ stems in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

Rootstock/Scion SWA (mm2) % VSW % RSW % XSW VLA (μm2) VF (N · mm−2)
SWA (mm2) 0.35 0.33 −0.69 0.76 0.57 −0.70
% VSW 0.19 0.00 −0.48 0.72 0.18 −0.38
% RSW 0.49 0.44 −0.81 0.85 0.64 −0.79
% XSW −0.36 −0.23 0.68 −0.84 −0.43 0.62
VLA (μm2) 0.26 0.38 −0.68 0.71 0.63 −0.74
VF (N · mm−2) −0.22 −0.53 0.40 −0.16 −0.66 0.58

Effective tree crown volume and trunk hydraulic conductivity of ‘Summit’ trees in 2017–2020.

Effective tree crown volume (m3)
Rootstock 2017 2018 2019 2020
PC_02_01/4 0.47 a 1.29 a 2.47 a 2.97 a
PC_05_04 0.24 b 0.78 bc 1.85 ab 2.41 ab
PF_01_01 0.11 c 0.39 cd 0.91 cd 1.21 cd
PF_02_16 0.05 c 0.24 d 0.47 d 0.86 d
PF_04_09 0.06 c 0.41 cd 0.64 d 1.10 cd
PM_09_01 0.08 c 0.36 d 0.84 cd 1.29 cd
Gisela 5 0.23 b 1.09 ab 1.45 bc 1.97 bc
Mean 0.18 0.65 1.21 1.65

Correlation coefficients between cross-section anatomical characteristics of rootstocks’ and scions’ stems in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

Rootstock/Scion SD (mm) CSA (mm2) % P % SW % SC % PD SW/SC ratio % V % R % X
SD (mm) 0.47 0.51 0.53 −0.30 −0.41 0.24 0.04 0.38 −0.83 −0.03
CSA (mm2) 0.43 0.47 0.49 −0.31 −0.36 0.24 0.01 0.35 −0.79 −0.05
% P 0.56 0.56 0.76 −0.05 −0.60 −0.72 0.28 0.61 −0.47 0.01
% SW 0.08 0.09 −0.22 0.03 0.01 0.72 0.03 −0.01 −0.13 0.13
% SC −0.19 −0.20 0.10 −0.04 0.11 −0.62 −0.10 −0.16 0.23 −0.14
% PD −0.67 −0.69 −0.50 0.05 0.59 −0.21 −0.29 −0.48 0.66 −0.18
SW/SC ratio 0.14 0.15 −0.13 0.00 −0.05 0.67 0.04 0.06 −0.22 0.11
% V 0.15 0.19 0.01 −0.04 −0.14 0.55 0.06 0.03 −0.39 0.18
% R 0.34 0.37 0.17 −0.08 −0.29 0.57 0.12 0.24 −0.55 0.15
% X −0.06 −0.07 −0.40 0.09 0.17 0.67 −0.02 −0.11 0.15 0.07

Correlation coefficients between calculated effective tree crown volumes, trunk hydraulic conductivity and potential yielding in 2017–2021 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

Ve (mm3) in 2017 Ve (mm3) in 2018 Ve (mm3) in 2019 Ve (mm3) in 2020 kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2017 kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2018 kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2019 kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2020 Number of flowers· tree−1 in 2019 Number of flowers· tree−1 in 2020 Number of flowers· tree−1 in 2021
Ve (mm3) in 2017 1.00
Ve (mm3) in 2018 0.93 1.00
Ve (mm3) in 2019 0.97 0.91 1.00
Ve (mm3) in 2020 0.96 0.92 1.00 1.00
kh(T)(10−4 kg · m·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2017 0.86 0.76 0.93 0.94 1.00
kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2018 0.83 0.70 0.89 0.91 0.99 1.00
kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2019 0.80 0.66 0.86 0.88 0.99 0.99 1.00
kh(T)(10−4 kg · m ·MPa−1 ·s−1) in 2020 0.84 0.71 0.89 0.89 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.00
Number of flowers· tree−1 in 2019 0.85 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.82 1.00
Number of flowers· tree−1 in 2020 0.90 0.89 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.87 0.90 1.00
Number of flowers· tree−1 in 2021 0.61 0.58 0.73 0.75 0.85 0.82 0.85 0.84 0.79 0.75 1.00

Secondary wood anatomical properties in rootstock stems.

Genotype SWA (mm2) % VSW % RSW % XSW VLA (μm2) VF (N · mm−2)
PC_02_01/4 1.33 d 16.26 b 10.27 c 73.46 d 264.65 c 614.56 b
PC_05_04 2.54 c 11.68 c 10.74 c 77.58 c 332.20 b 355.40 d
PF_01_01 0.97 ef 16.85 b 8.28 d 74.87 d 241.58 c 708.91 a
PF_02_16 0.78 f 10.77 c 5.89 e 83.34 a 211.81 d 520.20 c
PF_04_09 1.15 de 11.03 c 8.54 d 80.43 b 215.48 d 511.40 c
PM_09_01 5.42 a 18.99 a 15.11 a 65.90 f 492.45 a 387.79 d
Gisela 5 3.39 b 17.59 ab 13.55 b 68.86 e 334.65 b 556.68 bc
Mean 2.22 14.74 10.34 74.92 298.97 522.14

Correlation coefficients between scions’ stem anatomical characteristics in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

SD (mm) CSA (mm2) % P % SW % SC % PD SW/SC ratio % V % R % X SWA (mm2) % VSW % RSW % XSW VLA (μm2) VF (N · mm−2) % of vessels <300 μm2 % of vessels 300–700 μm2 % of vessels >700 μm2
SD (mm) 1.00
CSA (mm2) 1.00 1.00
% P 0.66 0.69 1.00
% SW 0.28 0.25 −0.45 1.00
% SC −0.94 −0.93 −0.55 −0.47 1.00
% PD −0.25 −0.27 −0.62 0.27 0.16 1.00
SW/SC ratio 0.67 0.65 0.00 0.88 −0.83 0.10 1.00
% V 0.92 0.92 0.65 0.33 −0.95 −0.28 0.72 1.00
% R −0.48 −0.50 −0.83 0.51 0.44 0.15 0.07 −0.52 1.00
% X 0.37 0.35 −0.33 0.95 −0.60 0.38 0.92 0.43 0.26 1.00
SWA (mm2) 0.95 0.95 0.46 0.51 −0.95 −0.12 0.83 0.90 −0.33 0.60 1.00
% VSW 0.81 0.82 0.92 −0.21 −0.73 −0.44 0.26 0.85 −0.78 −0.09 0.64 1.00
% RSW −0.71 −0.73 −0.71 0.05 0.76 0.03 −0.39 −0.77 0.88 −0.21 −0.67 −0.78 1.00
% XSW 0.38 0.41 0.31 0.10 −0.54 0.32 0.37 0.45 −0.67 0.40 0.48 0.33 −0.85 1.00
VLA (μm2) 0.72 0.73 0.87 −0.43 −0.54 −0.24 0.02 0.64 −0.85 −0.28 0.51 0.91 −0.75 0.36 1.00
VF (N · mm−2) −0.66 −0.68 −0.76 0.42 0.48 0.04 0.00 −0.51 0.82 0.23 −0.48 −0.77 0.73 −0.45 −0.95 1.00
% of vessels <300 μm2 −0.79 −0.80 −0.91 0.35 0.62 0.32 −0.11 −0.71 0.82 0.22 −0.58 −0.94 0.75 −0.34 −0.99 0.93 1.00
% of vessels 300–700 μm2 0.89 0.89 0.90 −0.19 −0.74 −0.38 0.28 0.81 −0.74 −0.07 0.71 0.96 −0.76 0.34 0.95 −0.87 −0.98 1.00
% of vessels >700 μm2 0.54 0.56 0.84 −0.60 −0.35 −0.20 −0.19 0.47 −0.87 −0.45 0.31 0.83 −0.68 0.32 0.97 −0.93 −0.94 0.85 1.00

‘Summit’ scion stem anatomical characteristics on different rootstock candidates and ‘Gisela 5’ control rootstock.

Summit/Rootstock candidate SD (mm) CSA (mm2) % P % SW % SC % PD SW/SC ratio % V % R % X
PC_02_01/4 6.28 a 31.31 a 16.92 a 33.58 abc 44.21 d 5.30 c 0.76 ab 5.47 a 6.95 bc 21.15 b
PC_05_04 5.75 bc 26.16 bc 14.73 b 31.05 c 47.64 bc 6.58 b 0.66 c 4.91 abc 6.77 bc 19.37 b
PF_01_01 5.02 d 19.91 d 11.15 cd 32.46 bc 49.82 a 6.58 b 0.66 c 4.17 c 7.81 b 20.48 b
PF_02_16 5.46 c 23.78 c 10.42 d 34.40 ab 48.87 ab 6.30 b 0.71 bc 4.55 bc 8.93 a 20.92 b
PF_04_09 5.90 abc 27.48 abc 12.63 c 36.14 a 44.68 d 6.55 b 0.81 a 5.49 a 7.54 b 23.11 a
PM_09_01 5.87 abc 27.99 ab 15.06 b 32.25 bc 46.12 cd 6.57 b 0.71 bc 5.17 ab 6.23 c 20.84 b
Gisela 5 5.97 ab 28.24 ab 11.10 cd 36.01 a 45.37 d 7.52 a 0.80 a 4.99 abc 7.77 b 23.26 a
Mean 5.75 26.41 13.14 33.70 46.67 6.49 0.73 4.96 7.43 21.31

Rootstock stem anatomical characteristics for seven investigated candidate genotypes.

Genotype SD (mm) CSA (mm2) % P % SW % SC % PD SW/SC ratio % V % R % X
PC_02_01/4 2.65 d 5.57 d 15.78 a 23.89 e 51.75 a 8.58 d 0.47 e 3.91 de 2.45 d 17.53 d
PC_05_04 2.88 c 6.57 c 9.72 c 37.87 b 42.83 bc 9.59 c 0.90 c 4.29 cd 4.09 c 29.49 a
PF_01_01 2.11 e 3.50 e 9.53 c 27.71 d 51.20 a 11.56 ab 0.55 e 4.68 c 2.24 d 20.79 c
PF_02_16 1.61 f 2.06 f 6.39 e 37.05 b 44.19 b 12.37 a 0.85 c 4.01 cde 2.18 d 30.86 a
PF_04_09 2.12 e 3.56 e 11.40 b 32.03 c 45.27 b 11.31 b 0.71 d 3.52 e 2.75 d 25.76 b
PM_09_01 3.92 a 12.09 a 8.93 cd 44.94 a 38.44 d 7.69 e 1.19 a 8.52 a 6.75 a 29.67 a
Gisela 5 3.12 b 7.67 b 7.91 d 43.77 a 41.09 c 7.23 e 1.08 b 7.64 b 5.92 b 30.21 a
Mean 2.63 5.86 9.95 35.32 44.97 9.76 0.82 5.22 3.77 26.33

Correlation coefficients between rootstocks’ stem anatomical characteristics in 2016 (underlined values were statistically significant at p < 0.05).

SD (mm) CSA (mm2) % P % SW % SC % PD SW/SC ratio % V % R % X SWA (mm2) % VSW % RSW % XSW VLA (μm2) VF (N · mm−2) % of vessels <300 μm2 % of vessels 300–700 μm2 % of vessels >700 μm2
SD (mm) 1.00
CSA (mm2) 0.99 1.00
% P 0.06 −0.01 1.00
% SW 0.57 0.62 −0.72 1.00
% SC −0.58 −0.64 0.62 −0.97 1.00
% PD −0.90 −0.86 −0.20 −0.44 0.42 1.00
SW/SC ratio 0.64 0.69 −0.66 0.99 −0.98 −0.49 1.00
% V 0.82 0.85 −0.38 0.77 −0.68 −0.74 0.79 1.00
% R 0.91 0.92 −0.31 0.84 −0.82 −0.81 0.88 0.93 1.00
% X 0.22 0.28 −0.82 0.91 −0.91 −0.09 0.88 0.44 0.55 1.00
SWA (mm2) 0.95 0.98 −0.22 0.77 −0.77 −0.79 0.83 0.91 0.97 0.47 1.00
% VSW 0.69 0.68 0.12 0.18 −0.07 −0.70 0.22 0.77 0.58 −0.23 0.61 1.00
% RSW 0.98 0.96 0.04 0.59 −0.58 −0.94 0.65 0.86 0.93 0.23 0.93 0.73 1.00
% XSW −0.89 −0.88 −0.09 −0.40 0.34 0.88 −0.46 −0.87 −0.80 0.01 −0.82 −0.94 −0.92 1.00
VLA (μm2) 0.95 0.98 −0.15 0.68 −0.69 −0.76 0.75 0.86 0.91 0.37 0.98 0.63 0.91 −0.82 1.00
VF (N · mm−2) −0.50 −0.54 0.25 −0.67 0.79 0.28 −0.70 −0.28 −0.56 −0.70 −0.60 0.24 −0.41 0.07 −0.59 1.00
% of vessels <300 μm2 −0.98 −0.99 0.10 −0.67 0.65 0.85 −0.73 −0.88 −0.93 −0.33 −0.98 −0.69 −0.95 0.88 −0.99 0.53 1.00
% of vessels 300–700 μm2 0.97 0.96 −0.04 0.62 −0.59 −0.92 0.67 0.85 0.92 0.28 0.93 0.71 0.97 −0.90 0.93 −0.46 −0.98 1.00
% of vessels >700 μm2 0.85 0.91 −0.21 0.67 −0.70 −0.58 0.74 0.80 0.83 0.40 0.93 0.54 0.78 −0.71 0.96 −0.61 −0.90 0.79 1.00

List of investigated Prunus sp. genotypes.

Accession name Species, interspecific hybrid
PC_02_01/4 Prunus cerasus ecovar. Oblačinska
PC_05_04 Prunus cerasus ecovar. Oblačinska
PF_01_01 Prunus fruticosa
PF_02_16 Prunus fruticosa
PF_04_09 Prunus fruticosa
PM_09_01 Prunus mahaleb
Gisela 5 Prunus cerasus × Prunus canenscens

Secondary wood anatomical properties in scion stems.

Summit/Rootstock candidate SWA (mm2) % VSW % RSW % XSW VLA (μm2) VF (N · mm−2)
PC_02_01/4 10.66 a 16.18 a 20.67 cd 63.15 abc 368.44 a 456.36 b
PC_05_04 8.15 bc 15.71 a 21.95 bc 62.34 bc 390.55 a 436.23 b
PF_01_01 6.48 c 12.77 c 24.17 ab 63.06 abc 232.84 c 545.37 a
PF_02_16 8.30 bc 13.19 c 26.00 a 60.80 c 248.22 c 549.14 a
PF_04_09 9.94 ab 15.17 ab 20.91 cd 63.93 abc 292.43 b 529.33 a
PM_09_01 9.74 ab 15.41 ab 18.86 d 65.73 a 370.34 a 445.66 b
Gisela 5 10.28 ab 13.92 bc 21.61 bcd 64.47 ab 304.73 b 471.77 b
Mean 9.08 14.62 22.03 63.35 315.36 490.55
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