[Allen K.A., Coetzee J.F., Edwards- Callaway L.N., Glynn H., Dockweiler J., .Ku - kanich B., Lin H., Wang C., Fraccaro E., Jones M., Bergamasco L. (2013). The effect of timing of oral meloxicam administration on physiological responses in calves after cautery dehorning with local anesthesia. J. Dairy Sci., 9, p. 1.10.3168/jds.2012-625123746590]Search in Google Scholar
[Anderson D.E., Muir W.W. (2005). Pain management in cattle. Vet. Clin. Food Anim., 21: 623-635.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ayala I., Martos N., Silvan G., Gutierrez- Panizo C., Clavel J., Illera J. (2012). Cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, serotonin, adrenaline, and noradrenaline serum concentrations in relation to disease and stress in the horse. Vet. Sci., 93: 103-107.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ballou M.A., Sutherland M.A., Brooks T.A., Hulbert L.E., Davis B.L., Cobb C.J. (2013). Administration of anesthetic and analgesic prevent the suppression of many leukocyte responses following surgical castration and physical dehorning. Vet. Immunol. Immunop., 151: 285-293.]Search in Google Scholar
[Blessing W.W. (2003). Lower brainstem pathways regulating sympathetically mediated changes in cutaneous blood flow. Cell Mol. Biol., 23: 527-538.]Search in Google Scholar
[Boissy A., Manteuffel G., Jensen M.B., Moe R.O., Spruijt B., Keeling L.J., Winck- ler C., Forkman B.R., Dimitrov I., Langbein J., Bakken M., Veissier I., Au - bert A. (2007). Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiol. Behav., 92: 375-397.]Search in Google Scholar
[Braz M., Carreira M., Carolino N., Rodrigues T., Stilwell G. (2012). Effect of rectal or intravenous tramadol on the incidence of pain-related behaviour after disbudding calves with caustic paste. App. Anim. Behav. Sci., 136: 20-25.]Search in Google Scholar
[Chiu I.M.,von Hehn C.A., Woolf C.J. (2012). Neurogenic inflammation and the peripheral nervous system in host defense and immunopathology. Nat. Neurosci., 15: 1063-1067.]Search in Google Scholar
[Cook N.J., Schaefer A.L., Warren L., Burwash L., Anderson M., Baron V. (2001). Adrenocortical and metabolic responses to ACTHinjection in horses: an assessment by salivary cortisol and infrared thermography of the eye. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 81, p. 621. Council Directive 91/629/EECof 19 November 1991 laying down minimum standards for the protection of calves. Official Journal L 340, 11/12/1991. Council Directive 97/2/ECof 20 January 1997 amending Directive 91/629/EEClaying down minimum standards for the protection of calves. Official Journal L 025, 28/01/1997.]Search in Google Scholar
[Delatour P., Foot R., Foster A.P., Bagott D., Lees P. (1996). Pharmacodynamics and chiral pharmacokinetics of carprofen in calves. Brit. Vet. J., 152: 183-198.]Search in Google Scholar
[Doherty T.J., Kattesh H.G., Adcock R.J., Welborn M.G., Saxton A.M., Morrow J.L., Dailey J.W. (2007). Effects ofaconcentrated lidocaine solution on the acute phase stress response to dehorning in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 4232-4239.]Search in Google Scholar
[Duffield T.F., Heinrich A., Millman S.T., De Haan A., James S., Lissemore K. (2010). Reduction in pain response by combined use of local lidocaine anesthesia and systemic ketoprofen in dairy calves dehorned by heat cauterization. Can. Vet. J., 51: 283-288.]Search in Google Scholar
[Earley B., Buckham- Sporer K., Gupta S., Pang W., Ting S. (2010). Biologic response of animals to husbandry stress with implications for biomedical models. Open Access Anim. Physiol., 2: 25-42.]Search in Google Scholar
[Faulkner P.M., Weary D.M. (2000). Reducing pain after dehorning in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 2037-2041.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fraccaro E., Coetzee J.F., Odore R., Edwards- Callaway L.N., Ku Kanich B., Badino P., Bertolotti L., Glynn H., Dockweiler J., Allen K., Bergamasco L. (2013). Astudy to compare circulating funixin, meloxicam and gabapentin concentrations with prostaglandin E2 levels in calves undergoing dehorning. Res. Vet. Sci., 95: 204-211.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fulwider W.K., Grandin T., Rollin B.E., Engle T.E., Dalsted N.L., Lamm W.D. (2008). Survey of dairy management practices on one hundred thirteen north central and northeastern United States dairies. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 1686-1692.]Search in Google Scholar
[Goonewardene L.A., Price M.A., Okine E., Berg R.T. (1999). Behavioral responses to handling and restraint in dehorned and polled cattle. App. Anim. Behav. Sci., 64: 159-167.]Search in Google Scholar
[Gottardo F., Nalon E., Contiero B., Normando S., Dalvit P., Cozzi G. (2011). The dehorning of dairy calves: Practices and opinions of 639 farmers. J. Dairy Sci., 94: 5724-5734.]Search in Google Scholar
[Graf B., Senn M. (1999). Behavioural and physiological responses of calves to dehorning by heat cauterization with or without local anaesthesia. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 62: 153-171.]Search in Google Scholar
[Grøndahl - Nielsen C., Simonsen H.B., Damkjer Lund J., Hesselholt M. (1999). Behavioural, endocrine and cardiac responses in young calves undergoing dehorning without and with use of sedation and analgesia. Vet. J., 158: 14-20.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hart K.A. (2012). The use of cortisol for the objective assessment of stress in animals: pros and cons. Vet. J., 192: 137-139.]Search in Google Scholar
[Heinrich A., Duffield T.F., Lissemore K.D., Squires E.J., Millman S.T. (2009). Theimpact of meloxicam on postsurgical stress associated with cautery dehorning. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 540-547.]Search in Google Scholar
[Heinrich A., Duffield T.F., Lissemore K.D., Millman S.T. (2010). The effect of meloxicam on behavior and pain sensitivity of dairy calves following cautery dehorning withalocal anesthetic. J. Dairy Sci., 93: 2450-2457.]Search in Google Scholar
[Huber J., Arnholdt T., Möstl E., Gelfert C.C., Drillich M. (2013). Pain management with flunixin meglumine at dehorning of calves. J. Dairy Sci., 96: 132-140.]Search in Google Scholar
[Knierim U., Irrgang N., Roth B.A., Gorniak T. (2009). Report on the assessment of dehorning and the keeping of horned dairy and beef cattle. University of Kassel, Germany, pp. 1-37. Mc Meekan C.M., Stafford K.J., Mellor D.J., Bruce R.A., Ward R.N., Gregory N.G. (1998). Effects of regional analgesia and/oranon-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves. Res. Vet. Sci., 64: 147-150. Mc Meekan C., Stafford K.J., Mellort D.J., Bruce R.A., Ward R.N., Gregory N. (1999). Effects ofalocal anaesthetic andanon-steroidal anti-inflammatlory analgesic on the behavioural responses of calves to dehorning. New Zeal. Vet. J., 47: 92-96.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mintline E.M., Stewart M., Rogers A.R., Cox N.R., Verkerk G.A., Stookey J.M., Webster J.R., Tucker C.B. (2013). Play behavior as an indicator of animal welfare: Disbudding in dairy calves. App. Anim. Behav. Sci., 144: 22-30.]Search in Google Scholar
[Misch L.J., Duffield T.F., Millman S.T., Lissemore K.D. (2007). An investigation into the practices of dairy producers and veterinarians in dehorning dairy calves in Ontario. Can. Vet. J., 48: 1249-1254.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mosher R.A., Wang C., Allen P.S. (2013). Comparative effects of castration and dehorning in series or concurrent castration and dehorning procedures on stress responses and production in Holstein calves. J. Anim. Sci., 91: 4133-4145.]Search in Google Scholar
[Parsons C., Jensen S. (2006). Dehorning Cattle, Western Beef Resource Committee, Cattle Producer’s Library, Management Section CL750, University of Idaho and Oregon State University (2006). http://www.csubeef.com/dmdocuments/750.pdf.]Search in Google Scholar
[SANCO (2009). Directorate General for Health and Consumers, Animal Health and Welfare Directorate (2009) SANCO/2008/D5/018.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stafford K.J., Mellor D.J. (2005). Dehorning and disbudding distress and its alleviation in calves. Vet. J., 169: 337-349.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stafford K.J., Mellor D.J. (2011). Addressing the pain associated with disbudding and dehorning in cattle. App. Anim. Behav. Sci., 135: 226-231.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stewart M., Webster J.R., Schaefer A.L., Cook N.J., Scott S.L. (2005). Infrared thermography asanon-invasive tool to study animal welfare. Anim. Welfare, 14: 319-325.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stewart M., Stafford K.J., Dowling S.K., Schaefer A.L., Webster J.R. (2008). Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anaesthetic. Physiol. Behav., 93: 789-797.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stewart M., Stookey J.M., Stafford K.J., Tucker C.B., Rogers A.R., Dowling S.K., Verkerk G.A., Schaefer A.L., Webster J.R., Stilwell G., Carvalho R.C., Caroli - no N., Lima M.S. (2009). Effects of local anesthetic andanonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug on pain responses of dairy calves to hot-iron dehorning. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 1512-1519.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stilwell G., Carvalho R.C., Lima M.S., Broom D.M. (2009). Effect of caustic paste disbudding, using local anaesthesia with and without analgesia, on behaviour and cortisol of calves. Appl.\ Anim. Behav. Sci., 116: 35-44.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stilwell G., Carvalho R.C., Carolino N., Lima M.S., Broom D.M. (2010). Effect of hotiron disbudding on behaviour and plasma cortisol of calves sedated with xylazine. Res. Vet. Sci., 88: 188-193.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stilwell G., Lima M.S., Carvalho R.C., Broom D.M. (2012). Effects of hot-iron disbudding, using regional anaesthesia with and without carprofen, on cortisol and behaviour of calves. Res. Vet. Sci., 92: 338-341.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sutherland M.A., Ballou M.A., Davis B.L. (2013). Effect of castration and dehorning singularly or combined on the behaviour and physiology of Holstein calves. J. Anim. Sci., 91: 935-942.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sylvester S.P., Mellor D.J., Stafford K.J., Bruce R.A., Ward R.N. (1998). Acute cortisol responses of calves to scoop dehorning with prior use of local anaesthetic and/or cautery of the wound. Aust. Vet. J., 76: 118-122.]Search in Google Scholar
[Taschke A.C., Fölsch D.W. (1997). Ethologische, physiologische und histologische Untersuchungen zur Schmerzbelastung der Rinder bei der Enthornung. Tierärztl. Prax., 25: 19-27.]Search in Google Scholar
[Vickers K.J., Niel L., Kiehlbauch L.M., Weary D.M. (2005). Calf response to caustic paste and hot-iron dehorning using sedation with and without local anesthetic. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 1454-1459.]Search in Google Scholar