Copyright infringement in content generated by AI: an empirical analysis based on typical cases of China and the United States
and
Mar 26, 2025
About this article
Published Online: Mar 26, 2025
Received: Oct 22, 2024
Accepted: Feb 07, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2025-0813
Keywords
© 2025 Jiao Xue et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Main component analysis results
| Item | Constituent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| AI art works bring interest disputes T12 | 0.774 | ||||||
| AI works are guided by people T13 | 0.765 | ||||||
| AI works involve many interests T15 | 0.760 | ||||||
| Whether artificial intelligence works in ingenuity T9 | 0.744 | ||||||
| AI belongs to the object of the intellectual property system T16 | 0.684 | ||||||
| AI has optimal results T11 | 0.552 | ||||||
| AI has no emotional perception T14 | 0.547 | ||||||
| Limited autonomy of AI T10 | 0.520 | ||||||
| Natural persons of artificial intelligence enjoy and undertake T18 | 0.822 | ||||||
| Generate new content T20 | 0.732 | ||||||
| AI is not a tool man. T21 | 0.725 | ||||||
| AI can change the content T22 | 0.684 | ||||||
| The author of artificial intelligence creation is determined T17 | 0.546 | ||||||
| The legal system is a major subvert T19 | 0.538 | ||||||
| AI is efficient T25 | 0.764 | ||||||
| AI works need to be certain T24 | 0.720 | ||||||
| Efficient artificial intelligence T26 | 0.696 | ||||||
| AI itself can’t speak itself T28 | 0.620 | ||||||
| AI may produce plagiarism T27 | 0.558 | ||||||
| AI is enough for its own study T23 | 0.549 | ||||||
| AI creation makes copyright protection difficult T5 | 0.745 | ||||||
| The necessary conditions for copyright protection T6 | 0.729 | ||||||
| Copyright protection encourages artificial intelligence development T7 | 0.625 | ||||||
| To realize the “increment” of social and public culture T8 | 0.612 | ||||||
| Artificial intelligence works efficiency T33 | 0.745 | ||||||
| Whether AI is infringing T34 | 0.586 | ||||||
| Supervisory type T35 | 0.587 | ||||||
| Continuous operation of artificial intelligence T32 | 0.542 | ||||||
| Technical characteristics of AI T1 | 0.779 | ||||||
| AI creations are generated literature, music, design drawings, etc T2 | 0.763 | ||||||
| AI can generate poems and other works T3 | 0.754 | ||||||
| AI can be designed independently T4 | 0.668 | ||||||
| AI creation has commercial value T29 | 0.682 | ||||||
| The part of the interests of the personality should be adjusted appropriately T30 | 0.637 | ||||||
| Belonging to the same subject, convenient copyright use T31 | 0.603 | ||||||
Trade loss(million)
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Movie | 122 | 125 | 162 | 170 | 175 | 292 | 248 | 359 | 466 | 502 | 519 |
| Recording | 72 | 72 | 48 | 50 | 288 | 211 | 213 | 218 | 457 | 579 | 478 |
| Commercial software | 442 | 773 | 1146 | 1645 | 1785 | 1493 | 1567 | 2186 | 3003 | 3012 | 3428 |
| Entertainment software | 1392 | NA | 463 | NA | 576 | 522 | 608 | 625 | NA | NA | NA |
| Book | 134 | 133 | 133 | 42 | 42 | 54 | 56 | 56 | 56 | NA | NA |
| Total | 2162 | 1103 | 1952 | 1907 | 2866 | 2572 | 2692 | 3444 | 3982 | 4093 | 4425 |
Confirmatory Factor Analysis Fitting Index and Standard
| Fit excellence index | Fitness criteria |
|---|---|
| RMSEA=0.064 | Adaptation mode |
| GFI=0.85 | Acceptance |
| AGFI=0.86 | Acceptance |
| NFI=0.87 | Acceptance |
| NNFI=0.89 | Good match |
| CFI=0.93 | Good match |
Measures to strengthen IPR in the US
| Target | Pathway | |
|---|---|---|
| Domestic measures | Intellectual property in domestic protector | To formulate domestic laws and authorize the administrative organs and court systems to implement |
| Prevention of intellectual property spread abroad | Export restrictions on technology and capital goods | |
| Restrictions on imports of U.S. intellectual property rights | Stop import entry | |
| Prevention and punishment violate American intellectual property rights | Stop sales | |
| Bilateral negotiations | Prevent production of goods that violate American intellectual property rights Prohibit sales to other countries | Reach intellectual property agreements with other countries |
| Multilateral negotiation | To obtain multilateral consensus on intellectual property issues | Seek the law of international law |
Descriptive statistics
| Demographic characteristics | Classification | Number | Proportion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Man | 415 | 55.33% |
| Female | 335 | 44.67% | |
| Age | 21-30 | 347 | 46.27% |
| 31-40 | 198 | 26.40% | |
| 41-50 | 122 | 16.27% | |
| 51-60 | 70 | 9.33% | |
| 61-70 | 13 | 1.73% | |
| Educational background | Specialty | 10 | 1.33% |
| Undergraduate | 95 | 12.67% | |
| Master | 379 | 50.53% | |
| Doctor | 266 | 35.47% | |
| Occupation | Artificial intelligence developer/technical personnel | 268 | 35.73% |
| Artificial intelligence product personnel | 9 | 1.20% | |
| The law of intellectual property law is the research of people | 46 | 6.13% | |
| Intellectual property service personnel | 63 | 8.40% | |
| Other people related to artificial intelligence/intellectual property | 364 | 48.53% |