Effect of urine adulterants on commercial drug abuse screening test strip results
, , , , , , and | Apr 09, 2020
About this article
Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Apr 09, 2020
Page range: 87 - 93
Received: Jul 01, 2019
Accepted: Mar 01, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3315
© 2020 Ivana Rajšić, Dragana Javorac, Simona Tatović, Aleksandra Repić, Danijela Đukić-Ćosić, Snežana Đorđević, Vera Lukić, Zorica Bulat, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Adulterants considered for testing and the quantities used for those that passed urine appearance test
| Household adulterant | Form | Quantity used |
|---|---|---|
| Acids | ||
| WC Sanitar (9 % HCl) | 0.3 mL | |
| Vinegar (white distilled vinegar; 9 % acetic acid) | liquid | 0.2 mL |
| Lemon juice | 0.4 mL | |
| Citric acid | solid | 0.1 g |
| Alkalis | ||
| Cevtok (30 % NaOH) | liquid | 0.1 mL |
| Oxidizing agents | liquid | |
| Varikina (bleach; 5 % NaOCl) | 0.3 mL | |
| Surfactants | ||
| Asepsol (5 % quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride) | 0.2 mL | |
| Visine® eye drops (active substance: tetrahydrozoline-hydrochloride 0.05 % w/v; non-medical ingredients: benzalkonium-chloride, sodium chloride, boric acid, sodium borate, disodium EDTA) | liquid | 0.4 mL |
| Liquid soap* | ||
| Household cleaning products Frosh, Aro and Skala* | ||
| Miscellaneous substances | ||
| Primosept GA (8 % glutaraldehyde) | liquid | 0.4 mL |
| Zn salts (tablets, supplements)* | solid | |
| Nitrite and nitrate salts (meat product additives)* | solid | |
UDST results obtained after adulteration of drug-positive urine samples with household chemicals
| Adulterating agent | Urine positive for |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opiates | Cannabinoids | Amphetamine | MDMA | Cocaine | Alprazolam | Diazepam | |
| WC Sanitar | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | ||
| Vinegar | - | ||||||
| Lemon juice | |||||||
| Citric acid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | ||||
| Cevtok | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid |
| Varikina | |||||||
| Asepsol | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | ||
| Primosept GA | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | Invalid | ||
| Visine | + | + | + | + | + | ||
Effects of urine adulteration on parameters investiated by URIT 11G urine reagent strips and pH test strips
| URIT 11G urine reagent strips | pH strips test | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascorbic acid (mmol/L) | Blood (cells/μL) | Specific gravity | Glucose (mmol/L) | Protein g/L | Bilirubin (μmol/L) | Urobilinogen | Nitrite (μmol/L) | Ketone (mmol/L) | Leukocytes (cells/μL) | pH | pH | |
| 0.6-0.85 | 5-15 | / | 2.2-2.8 | 0.1-0.3 | 8.6-17 | 17-33 | 18-33 | 0.5-1 | 15-0 | / | ||
| 0-5.6 | 0-200 | 1.005-1.030 | 0-55 | 0-3 | 0-100 | Normal-131 | +/- | 0-500 | 5-9 | 0-14 | ||
| 0 | 0 | 1.020 | 0-2.8 | 0 | 0-8.6 | Normal | - | - | 6 | |||
| WC Sanitar | 2.8 | 1.030 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Normal | - | - | 5 | |||
| Vinegar | 2.8 | 1.030 | 0-2.8 | 0 | 0 | Normal | - | - | 5 | |||
| Lemon juice | 2.8 | 1.030 | 5.5 | 0.15 | 8.6 | Normal | - | - | 5 | |||
| Citric acid | 2.8 | 10 | 1.030 | 0-2.8 | 0 | 0 | Normal | - | - | 5 | ||
| Cevtok | 0 | 8.6 | - | |||||||||
| Varikina | 1.015 | 0-2.8 | 0 | Normal | - | 6 | ||||||
| Asepsol | 1.010 | 0 | 0 | Normal | - | - | 6 | |||||
| Primo sept GA | 1.030 | 0 | 0.15 | 0 | Normal | - | - | 5 | ||||
| Visine | 1.025 | 0 | 0 | Normal | - | - | 5 | |||||
Urine drug (metabolite) concentrations and UDST results before adulteration with household chemicals
| Drug (metabolite) | Urine concentration (mg/L) | UDST result |
|---|---|---|
| MDMA | 0.83 | + |
| Amphetamine | 2.28 | + |
| Cocaine (benzoylecgonine) | 5.69 | + |
| Diazepam | 0.077 | + |
| Alprazolam | 0.065 | + |
| Tetrahydrocannabinol (carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol) | 112.2 | + |
| Heroine (6-acetylmorphine) | 0.23 | + |