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Thin-layer hydration method to prepare a green tea extract niosomal gel and its antioxidant performance

U. Chasanah
U. Chasanah
, 
N. Mahmintari
N. Mahmintari
, 
F. Hidayah
F. Hidayah
, 
F.A. El Maghfiroh
F.A. El Maghfiroh
, 
D. Rahmasari
D. Rahmasari
 and 
R. Weka Nugraheni
R. Weka Nugraheni
   | Oct 13, 2021
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Article Category: Original Paper
Published Online: Oct 13, 2021
Page range: 125 - 135
Received: Dec 14, 2020
Accepted: Jun 29, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2021-0011
Keywords
© 2021 U. Chasanah et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Scanning electron micrographs of the morphology of green tea extract niosome system at a magnification of (A) 1000×; (B) 2000× and (C) 5000×.
Scanning electron micrographs of the morphology of green tea extract niosome system at a magnification of (A) 1000×; (B) 2000× and (C) 5000×.

Figure 2

The organoleptic of niosome gel preparations at a niosome concentration of (A) 30%, (B) 40%, and (C) 50%.
The organoleptic of niosome gel preparations at a niosome concentration of (A) 30%, (B) 40%, and (C) 50%.

Figure 3

The organoleptic of niosome gel preparation at 4°C on (A) day 1 and (B) day 30; at 40°C on (C) day 1 and (D) day 30 shown the same consistency, brown color and distinctive fragrance of green tea as before storage.
The organoleptic of niosome gel preparation at 4°C on (A) day 1 and (B) day 30; at 40°C on (C) day 1 and (D) day 30 shown the same consistency, brown color and distinctive fragrance of green tea as before storage.

Figure 4

Rheological behavior of green tea extract niosome gel preparation.
Rheological behavior of green tea extract niosome gel preparation.

Antioxidant activity of green tea extract gel.

Formula % inhibition
Green tea extract gel 30% 17.78 ± 1.49
Green tea extract gel 40% 19.69 ± 1.14
Green tea extract gel 50% 27.09 ± 1.57

Physical and chemical characteristics of green tea extract niosome gel preparation.

Formula Viscosity (Cps) pH Spreadability (g/cm)
Green tea niosome gel 30% 292.667 ± 1.155 6.68 ± 0.03 0.0051 ± 0.0004
Green tea niosome gel 40% 297.333 ± 1.115 6.59 ± 0.10 0.0050 ± 0.0003
Green tea niosome gel 50% 306.667 ± 2.309 6.68 ± 0.01 0.0040 ± 0.0004

Irritation test results of green tea extract niosome gel

Formula Treatment Irritation Score
Before After
SLS (positive control) 10.63 (Strong irritation)
Aquadest (negative control) 0 (No irritation)
Green tea extract niosome gel 30% 0 (No irritation)
Green tea extract niosome gel 40% 0 (No irritation)
Green tea extract niosome gel 50% 0 (No irritation)

Composition of green tea (C. sinensis) extract niosomes.

Material Composition
Span 60 12.6 gram
Tween 60 19.62 gram
Cholesterol 1.74 gram
PEG 400 90.0 gram
Green Tea Extract 60.0 gram
Sodium Benzoate 0.6 gram
Distilled water to 600 ml

The composition of green tea extract niosome gel.

Material Composition (%) (w/w)
Green tea extract niosome 30 40 50
Sodium alginate 5 5 5
CaCl2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Propylene glycol 10 10 10
Methylparaben 0.1 0.1 0.1
Green tea fragrance sufficiently sufficiently sufficiently
Distilled water to 100 to 100 to 100

The pH value of green tea extract niosome gel preparations.

Fomula 1st day Freeze-thaw 4°C 30°C 40°C
Green tea extract niosome gel 30% 6.68 ± 0.03 6.16 ± 0.06 6.52 ± 0.02 6.02 ± 0.19 6.01 ± 0.03
Green tea extract niosome gel 40% 6.59 ± 0.10 6.17 ± 0,02 6.52 ± 0.03 6.06 ± 0.04 6.02 ± 0.02
Green tea extract niosome gel 50% 6.68 ± 0.01 6.18 ± 0,10 6.50 ± 0.07 6.04 ± 0.10 5.96 ± 0.06

Antioxidant activity of green tea extract niosome gel.

Formula % inhibition
Green tea extract niosome gel 30% 10.04 ± 0.05
Green tea extract niosome gel 40% 17.49 ± 0.03
Green tea extract niosome gel 50% 25.13 ± 0.05

The characteristics of green tea extract niosomes obtained from Malvern Zetasizer Nano.

Niosome Z-Average diam. (nm) Polydispersity Index Zeta potential (mV) Entrapment efficiency (%)
Mean 1109 0.856 −0.616 89.74
Standard Deviation ± 63 ± 0.057 ± 0.068 ± 2.52
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