This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ. A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000; 275:33238–43.TipnisSRHooperNMHydeRKarranEChristieGTurnerAJA human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidaseJ Biol Chem20002753323843Search in Google Scholar
Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Raoult D. ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020; 53:425–35.DevauxCARolainJMRaoultDACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcomeJ Microbiol Immunol Infect20205342535Search in Google Scholar
Keidar S, Kaplan M, Gamliel-Lazarovich A. ACE2 of the heart: from angiotensin I to angiotensin (1–7). Cardiovasc Res. 2007; 73:463–9.KeidarSKaplanMGamliel-LazarovichAACE2 of the heart: from angiotensin I to angiotensin (1–7)Cardiovasc Res2007734639Search in Google Scholar
Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, Godbout K, Gosselin M, Stagliano N, et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1–9. Circ Res. 2000; 87:E1–9.DonoghueMHsiehFBaronasEGodboutKGosselinMStaglianoNA novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1–9Circ Res200087E19Search in Google Scholar
Chamsi-Pasha MA, Shao Z, Tang WH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014; 11:58–63.Chamsi-PashaMAShaoZTangWHAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for heart failureCurr Heart Fail Rep2014115863Search in Google Scholar
Wiese O, Zemlin AE, Pillay TS. Molecules in pathogenesis: angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). J Clin Pathol. 2021; 74:285–90.WieseOZemlinAEPillayTSMolecules in pathogenesis: angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)J Clin Pathol20217428590Search in Google Scholar
Lemarié CA, Schiffrin EL. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2010; 11:19–31.LemariéCASchiffrinELThe angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular diseaseJ Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst2010111931Search in Google Scholar
Fatima N, Patel SN, Hussain T. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor: a target for protection against hypertension, metabolic dysfunction, and organ remodeling. Hypertension. 2021; 77:1845–56.FatimaNPatelSNHussainTAngiotensin II type 2 receptor: a target for protection against hypertension, metabolic dysfunction, and organ remodelingHypertension202177184556Search in Google Scholar
Lazard D, Briend-Sutren MM, Villageois P, Mattei MG, Strosberg AD, Nahmias C. Molecular characterization and chromosome localization of a human angiotensin II AT2 receptor gene highly expressed in fetal tissues. Recept Channels. 1994; 2:271–80.LazardDBriend-SutrenMMVillageoisPMatteiMGStrosbergADNahmiasCMolecular characterization and chromosome localization of a human angiotensin II AT2 receptor gene highly expressed in fetal tissuesRecept Channels1994227180Search in Google Scholar
Inagami T. Molecular biology and signaling of angiotensin receptors: an overview. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999; 10(Suppl 11):S2–7.InagamiTMolecular biology and signaling of angiotensin receptors: an overviewJ Am Soc Nephrol199910Suppl 11S27Search in Google Scholar
Martin MM, Elton TS. The sequence and genomic organization of the human type 2 angiotensin II receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995; 209:554–62.MartinMMEltonTSThe sequence and genomic organization of the human type 2 angiotensin II receptorBiochem Biophys Res Commun199520955462Search in Google Scholar
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM. COVID-19: immunology and treatment options. Clin Immunol. 2020; 215:108448. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448FelsensteinSHerbertJAMcNamaraPSHedrichCMCOVID-19: immunology and treatment optionsClin Immunol202021510844810.1016/j.clim.2020.108448Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, Bao J, Li R, Xiao Y, et al. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020; 24:422. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0NiWYangXYangDBaoJLiRXiaoYRole of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19Crit Care20202442210.1186/s13054-020-03120-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Huertas A, Montani D, Savale L, Pichon J, Tu L, Parent F, et al. Endothelial cell dysfunction: a major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? Eur Respir J. 2020; 56:2001634. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01634-2020HuertasAMontaniDSavaleLPichonJTuLParentFEndothelial cell dysfunction: a major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)?Eur Respir J202056200163410.1183/13993003.01634-2020Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005; 11:875–9.KubaKImaiYRaoSGaoHGuoFGuanBA crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injuryNat Med2005118759Search in Google Scholar
Little J, Higgins JP, Ioannidis JP, Moher D, Gagnon F, von Elm E, et al. Strengthening the reporting of genetic association studies (STREGA): an extension of the STROBE statement. Hum Genet. 2009; 125:131–51.LittleJHigginsJPIoannidisJPMoherDGagnonFvon ElmEStrengthening the reporting of genetic association studies (STREGA): an extension of the STROBE statementHum Genet200912513151Search in Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Living guidance clinical management of COVID-19. [Internet]. 2023. [cited 2023 January 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-2World Health OrganizationLiving guidance clinical management of COVID-19[Internet]. 2023. [cited 2023 January 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-2Search in Google Scholar
Fistera D, Risse J, Manegold R, Pabst D, Konik M, Dolff S, et al. [COVID-19 triage: who is an inpatient? the Essen triage model]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2020; 145:e87–92.FisteraDRisseJManegoldRPabstDKonikMDolffS[COVID-19 triage: who is an inpatient? the Essen triage model]Dtsch Med Wochenschr2020145e8792Search in Google Scholar
Simpson S, Kay FU, Abbara S, Bhalla S, Chung JH, Chung M, et al. Radiological society of North America expert consensus document on reporting chest CT findings related to COVID-19: endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020; 2:e200152. doi: 10.1148/ryct.2020200152SimpsonSKayFUAbbaraSBhallaSChungJHChungMRadiological society of North America expert consensus document on reporting chest CT findings related to COVID-19: endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNARadiol Cardiothorac Imaging20202e20015210.1148/ryct.2020200152Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bernheim A, Mei X, Huang M, Yang Y, Fayad ZA, Zhang N, et al. Chest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infection. Radiology. 2020; 295:200463. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200463BernheimAMeiXHuangMYangYFayadZAZhangNChest CT findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): relationship to duration of infectionRadiology202029520046310.1148/radiol.2020200463Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395:1054–62.ZhouFYuTDuRFanGLiuYLiuZClinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort studyLancet2020395105462Search in Google Scholar
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180:934–43.WuCChenXCaiYXiaJZhouXXuSRisk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, ChinaJAMA Intern Med202018093443Search in Google Scholar
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395:497–506.HuangCWangYLiXRenLZhaoJHuYClinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, ChinaLancet2020395497506Search in Google Scholar
Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18:844–7.TangNLiDWangXSunZAbnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumoniaJ Thromb Haemost2020188447Search in Google Scholar
Cui S, Chen S, Li X, Liu S, Wang F. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18:1421–4.CuiSChenSLiXLiuSWangFPrevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumoniaJ Thromb Haemost20201814214Search in Google Scholar
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18:1094–9.TangNBaiHChenXGongJLiDSunZAnticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathyJ Thromb Haemost20201810949Search in Google Scholar
Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020; 39:1011–9.GeHWangXYuanXXiaoGWangCDengTThe epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis20203910119Search in Google Scholar
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323:1061–9.WangDHuBHuCZhuFLiuXZhangJClinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, ChinaJAMA202032310619Search in Google Scholar
Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020; 368:m606. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m606XuXWWuXXJiangXGXuKJYingLJMaCLClinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case seriesBMJ2020368m60610.1136/bmj.m606Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kocak FE, Akcilar R, Kar F, Isiklar OO, Atlanoglu S, Genc O, Yaman F. The D allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with the lung involvement in COVID-19. Turkish J Biochem. 2022; 48: 160–7.KocakFEAkcilarRKarFIsiklarOOAtlanogluSGencOYamanFThe D allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with the lung involvement in COVID-19Turkish J Biochem2022481607Search in Google Scholar
Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1–7). Physiol Rev. 2018; 98:505–53.SantosRASSampaioWOAlzamoraACMotta-SantosDAleninaNBaderMCampagnole-SantosMJThe ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on angiotensin-(1–7)Physiol Rev20189850553Search in Google Scholar
Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005; 436:112–6.ImaiYKubaKRaoSHuanYGuoFGuanBAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failureNature20054361126Search in Google Scholar
Sriram K, Insel PA. A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID-19: the centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. Br J Pharmacol. 2020; 177:4825–44.SriramKInselPAA hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID-19: the centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalanceBr J Pharmacol2020177482544Search in Google Scholar
Kramkowski K, Mogielnicki A, Buczko W. The physiological significance of the alternative pathways of angiotensin II production. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006; 57:529–39.KramkowskiKMogielnickiABuczkoWThe physiological significance of the alternative pathways of angiotensin II productionJ Physiol Pharmacol20065752939Search in Google Scholar
Hou Y, Zhao J, Martin W, Kallianpur A, Chung MK, Jehi L, et al. New insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysis. BMC Med. 2020; 18:216. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01673-zHouYZhaoJMartinWKallianpurAChungMKJehiLNew insights into genetic susceptibility of COVID-19: an ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphism analysisBMC Med20201821610.1186/s12916-020-01673-zOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Karakaş Çelik S, Çakmak Genç G, Pişkin N, Açikgöz B, Altinsoy B, Kurucu İşsiz B, Dursun A. Polymorphisms of ACE (I/D) and ACE2 receptor gene (Rs2106809, Rs2285666) are not related to the clinical course of COVID-19: a case study. J Med Virol. 2021; 93:5947–52.Karakaş ÇelikSÇakmak GençGPişkinNAçikgözBAltinsoyBKurucu İşsizBDursunAPolymorphisms of ACE (I/D) and ACE2 receptor gene (Rs2106809, Rs2285666) are not related to the clinical course of COVID-19: a case studyJ Med Virol202193594752Search in Google Scholar
Novelli A, Biancolella M, Borgiani P, Cocciadiferro D, Colona VL, D'Apice MR, et al. Analysis of ACE2 genetic variants in 131 Italian SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. Hum Genomics. 2020; 14:29. doi: 10.1186/s40246-020-00279-zNovelliABiancolellaMBorgianiPCocciadiferroDColonaVLD'ApiceMRAnalysis of ACE2 genetic variants in 131 Italian SARS-CoV-2-positive patientsHum Genomics2020142910.1186/s40246-020-00279-zOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Malik GH, Bhat IA, Rasool S, Bashir I, Bashir A, Dar TA, et al. SARS-CoV-2-IgG response and the role of ACE2 G8790A and ACE I/D polymorphic variants as determinants of Covid-19 severity-a genetic association study in north Indian population. Research Square; 2021. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-764798/v1.MalikGHBhatIARasoolSBashirIBashirADarTASARS-CoV-2-IgG response and the role of ACE2 G8790A and ACE I/D polymorphic variants as determinants of Covid-19 severity-a genetic association study in north Indian populationResearch Square202110.21203/rs.3.rs-764798/v1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Möhlendick B, Schönfelder K, Breuckmann K, Elsner C, Babel N, Balfanz P, et al. ACE2 polymorphism and susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2021; 31:165–71.MöhlendickBSchönfelderKBreuckmannKElsnerCBabelNBalfanzPACE2 polymorphism and susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19Pharmacogenet Genomics20213116571Search in Google Scholar
Srivastava A, Bandopadhyay A, Das D, Pandey RK, Singh V, Khanam N, et al. Genetic association of ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphism with COVID-19 spatial distribution in India. Front Genet. 2020; 25:564741. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.564741SrivastavaABandopadhyayADasDPandeyRKSinghVKhanamNGenetic association of ACE2 rs2285666 polymorphism with COVID-19 spatial distribution in IndiaFront Genet20202556474110.3389/fgene.2020.564741Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Asselta R, Paraboschi EM, Mantovani A, Duga S. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy. Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12:10087–98.AsseltaRParaboschiEMMantovaniADugaSACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in ItalyAging (Albany NY)2020121008798Search in Google Scholar
Gómez J, Albaiceta GM, García-Clemente M, López-Larrea C, Amado-Rodríguez L, Lopez-Alonso I, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, ACE2) gene variants and COVID-19 outcome. Gene. 2020; 762:145102. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145102GómezJAlbaicetaGMGarcía-ClementeMLópez-LarreaCAmado-RodríguezLLopez-AlonsoIAngiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, ACE2) gene variants and COVID-19 outcomeGene202076214510210.1016/j.gene.2020.145102Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Patel SK, Juno JA, Lee WS, Wragg KM, Hogarth PM, Kent SJ, Burrell LM. Plasma ACE2 activity is persistently elevated following SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for COVID-19 pathogenesis and consequences. Eur Respir J. 2021; 57:2003730. doi: 10.1183/13993003.03730-2020PatelSKJunoJALeeWSWraggKMHogarthPMKentSJBurrellLMPlasma ACE2 activity is persistently elevated following SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for COVID-19 pathogenesis and consequencesEur Respir J202157200373010.1183/13993003.03730-2020Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
van Lier D, Kox M, Santos K, van der Hoeven H, Pillay J, Pickkers P. Increased blood angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity in critically ill COVID-19 patients. ERJ Open Res. 2021; 7:00848–2020.van LierDKoxMSantosKvan der HoevenHPillayJPickkersPIncreased blood angiotensin converting enzyme 2 activity in critically ill COVID-19 patientsERJ Open Res20217008482020Search in Google Scholar
Nagy B Jr, Fejes Z, Szentkereszty Z, Sütő R, Várkonyi I, Ajzner É, et al. A dramatic rise in serum ACE2 activity in a critically ill COVID-19 patient. Int J Infect Dis. 2021; 103:412–4.NagyBJrFejesZSzentkeresztyZSütőRVárkonyiIAjznerÉA dramatic rise in serum ACE2 activity in a critically ill COVID-19 patientInt J Infect Dis20211034124Search in Google Scholar
Kornilov SA, Lucas I, Jade K, Dai CL, Lovejoy JC, Magis AT. Plasma levels of soluble ACE2are associated with sex, Metabolic Syndrome, and its biomarkers in a large cohort, pointing to a possible mechanism for increased severity in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020; 24:452. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03141-9KornilovSALucasIJadeKDaiCLLovejoyJCMagisATPlasma levels of soluble ACE2are associated with sex, Metabolic Syndrome, and its biomarkers in a large cohort, pointing to a possible mechanism for increased severity in COVID-19Crit Care20202445210.1186/s13054-020-03141-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wu YH, Li JY, Wang C, Zhang LM, Qiao H. The ACE2 G8790A polymorphism: involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with cerebral stroke. J Clin Lab Anal. 2017; 31:e22033. doi: 10.1002/jcla.22033WuYHLiJYWangCZhangLMQiaoHThe ACE2 G8790A polymorphism: involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with cerebral strokeJ Clin Lab Anal201731e2203310.1002/jcla.22033Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Steckelings UM, Sumners C. Correcting the imbalanced protective RAS in COVID-19 with angiotensin AT2-receptor agonists. Clin Sci (Lond). 2020; 134:2987–3006.SteckelingsUMSumnersCCorrecting the imbalanced protective RAS in COVID-19 with angiotensin AT2-receptor agonistsClin Sci (Lond)202013429873006Search in Google Scholar
Gumashta J, Gumashta R. Role of the backbenchers of the renin-angiotensin system ACE2 and AT2 receptors in COVID-19: lessons from SARS. Cureus. 2020; 12:e8411. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8411GumashtaJGumashtaRRole of the backbenchers of the renin-angiotensin system ACE2 and AT2 receptors in COVID-19: lessons from SARSCureus202012e841110.7759/cureus.8411Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Živković M, Kolaković A, Stojković L, Dinčić E, Kostić S, Alavantić D, Stanković A. Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms as risk factors for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2016; 15:29–32.ŽivkovićMKolakovićAStojkovićLDinčićEKostićSAlavantićDStankovićARenin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms as risk factors for multiple sclerosisJ Neurol Sci2016152932Search in Google Scholar