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Exploring Technically Feasible and Economically Viable Hybrid Renewable Energy Solution for Off-Grid Electricity Supply Titl

Omorogiuwa Eseosa

Omorogiuwa Eseosa

Department of Electrical Faculty of Engineering, University of PortPort Harcourt, Nigeria
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Eseosa, Omorogiuwa
 and 
Ekiyor Martin Thompson

Ekiyor Martin Thompson

Electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of PortPort Harcourt, Nigeria
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Thompson, Ekiyor Martin
  
Feb 21, 2022
Exploring Technically Feasible and Economically Viable Hybrid Renewable Energy Solution for Off-Grid Electricity Supply Titl's Cover Image
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Published Online: Feb 21, 2022
Page range: 9 - 22
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/ijanmc-2021-012
Keywords
© 2021 Omorogiuwa Eseosa et al; published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Principle of parabolic trough solar collector (Source: “Solar Power – Photovoltaics or Solar Thermal Power Plants?” Oct2001)
Principle of parabolic trough solar collector (Source: “Solar Power – Photovoltaics or Solar Thermal Power Plants?” Oct2001)

Figure 2.

Principle of parabolic trough solar power plant (Source: “Solar Power – Photovoltaic or Solar Thermal Power Plants?”, October 2001)
Principle of parabolic trough solar power plant (Source: “Solar Power – Photovoltaic or Solar Thermal Power Plants?”, October 2001)

Figure 3.

Solar PV array Source: (“Energy savings Engineering” http://www.energysavingsengineering.com, March, 2017)
Solar PV array Source: (“Energy savings Engineering” http://www.energysavingsengineering.com, March, 2017)

Figure 4.

PWM Charge Controller and PWM Power Curve (Source: “Comparing PWM & MPPT Charge Controllers”, 2015)
PWM Charge Controller and PWM Power Curve (Source: “Comparing PWM & MPPT Charge Controllers”, 2015)

Figure 5.

MPPT Charge Controller and MPPT Power Curve (Source: “Comparing PWM & MPPT Charge Controllers”, 2015)
MPPT Charge Controller and MPPT Power Curve (Source: “Comparing PWM & MPPT Charge Controllers”, 2015)

Figure 6.

Yearly Average of Daily Sums of Global Horizontal Irradiation of Nigeria (Source: “Soda -solar radiation data, Available at http://www.soda-pro.com/maps”, February 2017).
Yearly Average of Daily Sums of Global Horizontal Irradiation of Nigeria (Source: “Soda -solar radiation data, Available at http://www.soda-pro.com/maps”, February 2017).

Figure 7.

Flow Diagram of the Study
Flow Diagram of the Study

Figure 8.

Design of the Selected Renewable Energy Technology for the System
Design of the Selected Renewable Energy Technology for the System

Figure 9.

Daily Load Profile of Ofubu village
Daily Load Profile of Ofubu village

Figure 10.

Solar energy profile at Ofubu village
Solar energy profile at Ofubu village

Figure 11.

System architecture and cost summary
System architecture and cost summary

Figure 12.

Monthly Distribution of the Electricity Produced in kW
Monthly Distribution of the Electricity Produced in kW

Figure 13.

Cash flow summary based on the selected components
Cash flow summary based on the selected components

SPV OPTIMIZED RESULT

Quantity Value Units
Rated Capacity 30.00 kW
Mean Output 4.56 kW
Mean Output 109.39 kWh/d
Capacity Factor 15.19 %
Total Production 39,926.00 kWh/yr
Minimum Output 0.00 kW
Maximum Output 29.2 kW
PV Penetraition 135 %
Hours of Operation 4,418 hrs/yr
Levelized Cost 26.4 kWh

OPTIMIZED TOTAL SYSTEM COST

Component Capital Replacement O&M Fuel Salvage Total
CELLCUBE® FB 10-40 1,500,000.00 298,183.00 16,228.00 0.00 (153,314.00) 1,661,097.00
Converter 200,000.00 48,329.00 1,084.00 0.00 (7,571.00) 241,842.00
Generic flat plate PV 11,400,000,00 0,00 16,228.00 0,00 0,00 11,416,228.00
⊳ Ofubu D/Genset 224,000.00 0.00 835,360.00 2,252,543.00 (18,808.00) 3,293,095.00
Other 2,500,000.00 0.00 1,947,487.00 0.00 0.00 4,447,437.00
System 15,324,000,00 346,512,00 2,816,337.00 2,252,543,00 (179,693,00) 21,059,749.00

DG OPTIMIZED RESULTS

Quantity Value Units
Hours of Operation 1,374 hrs/yr
Number of Starts 316 starts/yr
Operational Life 63.8 yr
Capacity Factor 5.36 %
Fixed Generation Cost 84.4 /hr
Marginal Generation Cost 41.0 /kWh
Fuel Consumption 1,338.00 L
Specific Fuel Consumption 0.37 L/kWh
Fuel Energy Input 13,558.00 kWh/yr
Mean Electrical Efficiency 27.50 %
Electrical Production 3,755.40 kWh/yr
Mean Electrical Output 2.73 kW
Minimum Electrical Output 2.00 kW
Maximum Electrical Output 8.00 Kw

EMISSIONS

Emissions
Pollutant Emissions Units
Carbon dioxide 3655 kg/yr
Carbon monoxide 9 kg/yr
Unbuned hydrocarbons 1 kg/yr
Partiuiole mattar 1 kg/yr
Sulfur dioxide 7 kg/yr
Nitrogen oxides 81 kg/yr

DETAILS OF OFUBU VILLAGE

PARTICULARS DETAILS
Village Name Ofubu (New Patani)
Nearby Town Patani
Local Government Area Sagbama
State Bayelsa
Country Nigeria
Latitude 5ol3.7’N
Longitude 6ol2.2’E
Area of Village (in hectares) 300
Forest land (in hectares) >180
River available 1
Water facility 2
Grid Electricity 0
Number of households 30
Total population 109
No. Males 48
No. Females 61
Educational facilities (Primary school) 1
Medical Facilities 0

OPTIMAL LEAST COST HYBRID SYSTEM FOR THE CASE STUDY

Production kWh/r %
Generic flat plate PV 39,926 91.40
Ofubu D/Genset 3,755 3.60
Total 43,631 10O.OO

BEST HYBRIDS AND SPV ONLY – PARAMETERS

Configuration Unit Best Hybrid SPV only
Diesel price N/L 150 0
Solar PV kW 30 40
Batteries-CELLCUBE® FB 10-4 (Strings) 3 10
Converter kW 10 10
Total Capital Cost N 11,400,000 22,900,000
Total NPC N 21,059,724 25,447,960
Total Annual Capital Cost N/yr 1,462,561 2,116,573
Total Annual Replacement Cost N/yr 32,027 96,334
Total O&M Cost N/yr 260,310 187,100
Total Fuel Cost N/yr 208,195 0
Total Annual Cost N/yr 1,946,484 2,352,073
Operating Cost N/yr 483,921 235,500
COE N/kWh 66.044 79.823
PV Production kWh/yr 39,926 (91%) 53,234 (100%)
Diesel Generator kWh/yr 3,755 (9%) 0
Total Electrical Production kWh/yr 43,681 53,234
AC Primary Load kWh/yr 29,472 29,466
Unmet Load kWh/yr 5 11
Excess Electricity kWh/yr 3,515 11,258
Capacity Shortage kWh/yr 14 29

ESTIMATED ELECTRICITY DEMAND FOR OFUBU VILLAGE

S/N Load No. In Use Power (Watts)/Unit No. In Use x Power (Watt) Hrs/Day Watt-Hrs/Day
1 Low-energy Lights 60 8 480 20 9600
2 Security Light 50 18 900 12 10800
3 Street light 4 100 400 12 4800
4 Ceiling Fan 20 30 600 10 6000
5 Standing Fan 5 15 75 10 750
6 Refrigerator 2 600 1200 15 18000
7 Television 4 100 400 18 7200
8 Radio 20 10 200 12 2400
9 Water pump 1 745.6 745.6 4 2982.4
10 Local Palm Oil processing machine 2 745.6 1491.2 8 11929.6
11 Cassava Grinding Machine 1 745.6 745.6 8 5964.8
12 Others(Phone & Small devices) 200 20 4000
TOTAL 84426.8
Average 80760.13
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