<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Tourist maps are one of the most common groups of cartographic documents. Their variety in terms of content, subject matter and publication titles is a result of growing popularity of diverse forms of tourism activity. The aim of the authors of this article is to demonstrate issues related to tourist maps, including their variety in relation to contemporary forms of tourism. As tourist maps are constantly developing, the authors decided to propose a classification of tourist maps which is adequate from the point of view of the types of maps we currently distinguish. Taking into consideration the aim and type of tourism, the maps were divided into the following sub-groups: maps for sightseeing tourism, qualified tourism, and other tourism, as well as tourist city maps, and maps prepared for promotion and advertising of tourism. The first there categories were further divided into more detailed sub-categories and each of them was described briefly in terms of its content. The classification of maps based on their scales and form of content presentation was also included.The authors attempted also to define the concept of “tourist map” itself. The authors defined it as a geographic representation of an area presented on a plane, in accordance with specific mathematical rules, which should include topographic contents, information about tourist attractions of a given area, its tourist and complementary infrastructure, presented with the help of conventional signs, in a matter appropriate for the scale of the map and its intended use.Contributing to the discussion on the place of tourist map in the general classification of maps, the article distinguishes not only general-geographic maps and thematic maps, but also orientation and navigation maps. This terms covered tourist maps, road maps, and navigation maps: sailing, sea, aerial and city maps. They consist a group of maps in which the functions they play determine their informational content and their form of cartographic presentation. However, unlike on thematic maps, where the general geographic content is merely a background for presentation of the theme-related phenomena, the geographic content is essential in case of tourist maps. It is precisely the general geographic content which is primarily responsible for communicating information which is meant to be used for orientation and navigation purposes.</abstract>

Tourist maps – definition, types and contents

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The author discusses new classifications of cartograms. Cartographic anamorphoses terminology and a multi-level classification, including not only cartograms but also anamorphical projections, have been proposed. The selected area cartograms’ classes were discussed in detail and compared.</abstract>

Cartograms – classification and terminology

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Application of polyhedrons as image surface in cartographic projections has a tradition of more than 200 years. The first maps relying on polyhedrons appeared in the 19th century. One of the first maps which based on an original polyhedral projection using a regular octahedron was constructed by the Californian architect Bernard Cahill in 1909. Other well known polyhedral projections and maps included Buckminster Fuller’s projection and map into icosahedron from 1954 and S. Waterman’s projection into truncated octahedron from 1996, which resulted in the “butterfly” map. Polyhedrons as image surface have the advantage of allowing a continuous image of continents of the Earth with low projection distortion. Such maps can be used for many purposes, such as presentation of tectonic plates or geographic discoveries.The article presents most well known polyhedral maps, describes cartographic projections applied in their preparation, as well as contemporary examples of polyhedral maps. The method of preparation of a polyhedral map and a virtual polyhedral globe is also presented.</abstract>

Image of the World on polyhedral maps and globes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The author presents evolution of views on cartographic generalization since it was defined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_075_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac75Aa">Emil von Sydow (1866)</xref> until today. It is divided into three chapters which present the evolution of views on cartographic generalization, models of generalization and digital generalization, respectively.Views on the topic of generalization evolved in the direction of broadening the term itself and towards a different perception of its nature. Originally generalization was understood as a process which can be performed on maps only. Now the prevailing understanding is that it begins earlier, at the conceptual stage of map making. Determination of the method of contents’ presentation is an indication of such generalization.The character of generalization is another important aspect of the discussion on its nature. The notion of a subjective nature of generalization, expressed, among others, by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_014_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac14Aa">Max Eckert (1921)</xref>, was originally predominant. Later there also appeared different opinions, allowing its objectivization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_068_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac68Aa">K.A. Saliszczew 1998</xref>). This direction helped to result in automation of the process of generalization of map contents. Currently a dualism in perceiving generalization can be observed, with a strong bias towards its objective aspect.In a separate chapter the author discusses conceptual models of generalization proposed by: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_059_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac59Aa">L. Ratajski (1967</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_061_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac61Aa">1973)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_038_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac38Aa">J. Morrison (1974)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_042_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac42Aa">B.G. Nickerson (1988)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_005_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ab5Aa">K.E. Brassel and R. Weibel (1988)</xref>, as well as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_032_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac32Aa">R.B. McMaster and K.S. Shea (1992)</xref>. They are divided into the universal models of theoretical character and those constructed for the purpose of computer automation of the process.Attempts at digital generalization which currently develop in the context of generalization of general, and especially topographic maps, are discussed separately. Most important algorithms concerning generalization of linear objects are presented chronologically, concluding with a description of comprehensive generalization systems.The summary presents two main conclusions. Firstly – work on generalization will continue to consider the geographical context during the process. Secondly – generalization of thematic, and especially statistical maps is the prospective direction.</abstract>

Cartographic generalization yesterday and today

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Map projections are very important in the compilation of various types of maps and spatial databases. Geographical information systems provide their users with the significant opportunities in the choice of map projections, coordinate systems, their definitions and transitions between them. The role of map projection can be considered depending on an objective, for which a map has to be used, user of this map and a form of its publication. The Internet, mobile devices and GIS caused that the map projections are used for two main purposes: data visualization and performing of calculations and analyses. The role of map projections is still important, despite the changes occurring in cartography. The rules for the applications of map projections developed over the centuries are still valid. However, the new rules resulting from the new functions of map projections are also created. The aim of this article, that is the author’s overview of map projections, is to illustrate the broad spectrum of applications for the map projections.</abstract>

From cartography of the Universe to molecular cartography – the use of map projections

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The author discusses adaptations of maps from the Atlas of Silesia published by European cartographers in more important atlases and multi-sheet maps from the second half of the 18th and early 19th century. Thanks to such adaptations the cartographic image of Silesia could be observed far beyond its borders. Its quality varied, however, both in planimetric contents and in relief. While situation was mostly represented rather correctly in relation to the maps from the Atlas of Silesia, presentation of orography largely differed from the original as well as from its real character. Even application of three methods of relief presentation on a single map did not bring on proper results, mainly due to the fact that the authors of adaptations did not know Silesia.</abstract>

Usage of the Atlas of Silesia from 1752 in European cartographic publications

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article reinstates an understanding of cartography far beyond that of a strictly geographical discipline, primarily concerned with the depiction of space in various aspects of societies. Using the example of several manuscript maps preserved in Polish documents left over from the Paris Conference, depicting the area of the Finnish state that was being established, the author illustrates the role of the map as a tool helping to shape the political entities of European societies and bringing to light various premises related to their threats or security, but also indicating development opportunities for these new state organisms. The author’s subject is Finland, aspiring to be a state at the beginning of the twentieth century, seeking alliances and the support of closer and further neighbours. By discussing surviving (and lost) maps, the author adds to the knowledge of the involvement of Polish diplomats in Paris in Finnish affairs.
</abstract>

Cartographic sources on Finland in Polish documents prepared for the Paris Peace Conference

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper discusses the activities involved in the process of creating a digital thematic repository focusing on historical cartographic and textual sources. On the basis of the thematic repository created as part of the project “Shaping the borders of Independent Poland in the light of cartographic documents”, the author presents proposals for solutions aimed at effective management of the various materials, as well as allowing users easy access to specific information. It provides an overview of the issues identified in the context of identifying, selecting, digitising and sharing digital copies of sources of relevance to humanities and social sciences research. With regard to the digitisation of cartographic sources, the article examines the challenges of adapting the technology to meet the diverse needs of information retrieval. In addition, it addresses issues related to the development of metadata and the integration of different types of sources. The article also addresses issues related to maintaining and updating the digital repository, with a particular focus on ensuring the sustainability of the project. The conclusions of the completed project allow us to identify best practices in the process of creating and managing a digital thematic repository, which can be a valuable tool for researchers, students, and cultural heritage institutions.
</abstract>

The methodological problems of creating a digital thematic repository of historical cartographic and textual sources. Case study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The military and political outcome of World War I, and the deliberations of the Paris Peace Conference, offered a real chance for the rebirth of Polish statehood. A key issue was the justification of Poland’s future territorial shape, in which ethnic issues played a significant role alongside historical, economic and strategic criteria.
The aim of this paper is to show and discuss selected archival nationality maps, often of an expert nature, produced by Polish scholars for the purpose of negotiating the territorial extent of Poland during the Paris Peace Conference. To what extent were they an attempt at an objective representation of the national reality of the Polish territory, and to what a subjective perception and experience of space by the authors of the maps? What were the aims and ideas of their creators, what did they want to achieve? To what extent did the political reality of the time determine their behaviour?
</abstract>

Nationality issues on Polish maps prepared for the Paris Peace Conference 1919–1920

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article discusses the possible use of GIS tools in detailed spatial analysis of materials and old maps showing the activities of Polish soldiers during World War II. The research was based on information regarding the military operations of the “Silent and Unseen” paratroopers (in Polish: cichociemni) in the General Government (GG), available in the archives of the Polish Underground Movement Study Trust (in Polish: Studium Polski Podziemnej) in London, as well as on prewar maps of the Polish Military Geographical Institute (in Polish: Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny – WIG). The authors present the historical background to, and important details of the cichociemni airdrops. They also describe how these operations were organised and suitable airdrop sites selected. The main part of the article is devoted to an analysis and assessment of the extent to which selected drop sites of the cichociemni complied with the criteria contained in the instructions of the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief in London (in Polish: Sztab Naczelnego Wodza w Londynie). The article presents a case study of the “Mewa 1” drop zone located in the GG. The authors used calibrated WIG maps, which they then converted into vector versions. They also made use of modern DTM and a slope map created on its basis. All the criteria for selecting drop zones included in the historical instructions were analysed. Based on the example of the drop zone in question, as well as on the authors’ own spatial analyses, it was concluded that this particular drop zone met some of the criteria formulated in the guidelines of the Commander-in-Chief’s Staff, but only partially met others or failed to meet them at all. In addition, the authors noted a number of limitations regarding these criteria. For example, they did not take into account the locations of the occupiers’ garrisons or anti-aircraft positions, which are particularly important for the success of airdrop operations. The analyses and the results thereof constitute the first study of the armed operations of the cichociemni in GG areas using digital maps and spatial analyses based on GIS.
</abstract>

Role of Geographic Information Systems in analysing the selection of cichociemni drop zones based on a case study of the “Mewa 1” drop zone

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The present article is another attempt to adapt map geometry to automatic digital cartography. The paper presents a method of digital polyline generalisation that uses contractive self-mapping. It is a method of simplification, not just an algorithm for simplification. This method in its 1996 version obtained a patent entitled “Method of Eliminating Points in the Process of Numerical Cartographic Generalisation” – Patent Office of the Republic of Poland, No. 181014, 1996. The first results of research conducted using the presented method, with clearly defined data (without singular points of their geometry), were published in the works of the authors in 2021 and 2022.
This article presents a transition from the DLM (Digital Landscape Model) to the DCM (Digital Cartographic Model). It demonstrates an algorithm with independent solutions for the band axis and both its edges. The presented example was performed for the so-called polyline band, which can represent real topographic linear objects such as rivers and boundaries of closed areas (buildings, lakes, etc.). An unambiguous representation of both edges of the band is its axis, represented in DLM, which can be simplified to any scale. A direct consequence of this simplification is the shape of the band representing the actual shape of both edges of the object that is classified in the database as a linear object in DCM.
The article presents an example performed for the so-called polyline band, which represents real topographic linear objects (roads, rivers) and area boundaries. The proposed method fulfils the following conditions: the Lipschitz condition, the Cauchy condition, the Banach theorem, and the Salichtchev’s standard for object recognition on the map. The presented method is objective in contrast to the previously used approximate methods, such as generalisations that use graph theory and fractal geometry, line smoothing and simplification algorithms, statistical methods with classification of object attributes, artificial intelligence, etc. The presented method for changing the geometry of objects by any scale of the map is 100% automatic, repeatable, and objective; that is, it does not require a cartographer’s intervention.
</abstract>

Automatic simplification of the geometry of a cartographic line using contractive self-mapping – illustrated with an example of a polyline band

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The historical Polegli1939 geoportal is probably the first thematic portal using spatial-temporal databases to present information on people killed during the World War II. In this study, we address the problem of capturing, processing and sharing historical information by supplementing it with a spatial attributes. The aim of the study is to determine the role of crowdsourcing data and the use of web-GIS applications in the process of obtaining and verifying historical information. The study was carried out as part of the implementation of the “Spatial database of soldiers killed in warfare” project, which is also known as Polegli1939. In order to achieve this goal, we acquired information using three methods: manual, automated and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Making spatial data available through the Polegli1939 geoportal enables users to popularize and verify it. The method includes a geospatial web platform (GeoWeb) as well as a VGI application with an integrated process for verifying submitted information. As a result of the project, nearly 35,000 records were obtained. Making the project available to a wider audience opens up the possibility of extending the presented research or replicating it in other countries, taking into account a wider chronological range than just World War II.
</abstract>

The use of web-GIS and crowdsourcing in the acquisition of historical data on the example of Polegli1939 project

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The author presents a geospatial analysis of the Peru-Chile Trench located in the South Pacific Ocean by the Generic Mapping Tool (GMT) scripting toolset used to process and model data sets. The study goal is to perform geomorphological modelling by the comparison of two segments of the trench located in northern (Peruvian) and southern (Chilean) parts. The aim of the study is to perform automatic digitizing profiles using GMT and several scripting modules. Orthogonal cross-section profiles transecting the trench in a perpendicular direction were automatically digitized, and the profiles visualized and compared. The profiles show variations in the geomorphology of the trench in the northern and southern segments. To visualize geological and geophysical settings, a set of the thematic maps was visualized by GMT modules: free-air gravity anomaly, geoid, geology and bathymetry. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of the bathymetry in both segments show that the most frequent depths for the Peruvian segment of the Peru-Chile Trench range from -4,000 to -4,200 (827 recorded samples) versus the range of -4,500 to -4,700 m for the Peruvian segment (1,410 samples). The Peruvian segment of the trench is deeper and its geomorphology steeper with abrupt slopes compared to the Chilean segment. A comparison of the data distribution for both segments gives the following results. The Peruvian segment has the majority of data (23%) reaching 1,410 (-4,500 m to -4,700 m). This peak shows a steep pattern in data distribution, while other data in the neighbouring diapason are significantly lower: 559 (-4,700 m to -5,000 m) and 807 (-4,200 m to -4,400 m). The Chilean segment has more unified data distribution for depths of -6,000 m to -7,000 m. This paper presents GMT workflow for the cartographic automatic modelling and mapping deep-sea trench geomorphology.</abstract>

Geomorphological modelling and mapping of the Peru-Chile Trench by GMT

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article presents the person and works of Georgy Voronoi (1868-1908), the inventor of an original method of diagrams, a student of the famous mathematician Andrey Markov. Georgy Voronoi graduated from the Department of Physics and Mathematics at the University of St. Petersburg, and subsequently worked as a professor of mathematics at the Imperial University of Warsaw. One of his students was the future outstanding Polish mathematician Wacław Sierpiński. In his brief lifetime G. Voronoi published several important scientific articles on number theory. In an almost 100 page paper in French published in 1908 he described a method of diagrams, or polygons, which became known as the method of Voronoi diagrams. In the digital age this method and its modifications found new applications. The entry “Voronoi” is getting more popular on the Internet, and the method of Voronoi diagrams and its modifications are widely described in handbooks and scientific articles. The article presents application of the method in the most popular computer programs from the Geographic Information System (GIS) group and presents examples of its usage in research on geographic space in various scientific disciplines.</abstract>

Voronoi diagrams – inventor, method, applications

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the article is to present different relief visualization techniques created using only free and open source GIS tools, such as QGIS and RVT. The criteria for selection of these techniques are that they should be, on the one hand, simple and fast for implementation and on the other suitable for multiple visualization purposes. Here we present several techniques which combine hillshade with other relief data layers derived from DEM and an assessment of advantages and disadvantages of their visualization.</abstract>

Relief visualization techniques using free and open source GIS tools

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Effective assessment of environmental changes requires an update of vegetation maps as it is an indicator of both local and global development. It is therefore important to formulate methods which would ensure constant monitoring. It can be achieved with the use of satellite data which makes the analysis of hard-to-reach areas such as alpine ecosystems easier.Every year, more new satellite data is available. Its spatial, spectral, time, and radiometric resolution is improving as well. Despite significant achievements in terms of the methodology of image classification, there is still the need to improve it. It results from the changing needs of spatial data users, availability of new kinds of satellite sensors, and development of classification algorithms. The article focuses on the application of Sentinel-2 and hyperspectral EnMAP images to the classification of alpine plants of the Karkonosze (Giant) Mountains according to the: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithms. The effects of their work is a set of maps of alpine and subalpine vegetation as well as classification error matrices. The achieved results are satisfactory as the overall accuracy of classification with the SVM method has reached 82% for Sentinel-2 data and 83% for EnMAP data, which confirms the applicability of image data to the monitoring of alpine plants.</abstract>

Application of Sentinel-2 and EnMAP new satellite data to the mapping of alpine vegetation of the Karkonosze Mountains

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>During the interwar period, an estimated 32–36% of Polish territory was covered by the Polish Military Geographical Institute’s (Pol. <italic>Wojskowy Instytut Geograficzny</italic>) 1:25,000 detailed map. At the same time, the MGI achieved a full coverage of the country by 1:100,000 tactical map. 50% of tactical map sheets were revised for the 1930s – many covered areas for which no detailed maps had been printed. Considering the fact that 1:100,000 tactical map was updated on the basis of revised 1:25,000 maps, another 17–21% of 1:25,000 detailed map sheets were finished or in progress by the German and Soviet invasion in 1939. The study confirmed additional 4% of 1:25,000 detailed map sheets as ‘partially compiled’ by the MGI and finished by the Germans. Another 17% of detailed map sheets are potentially to be found. Hypotheses, clues and evidence are presented in the paper.</abstract>

‘Partially compiled’ maps 1:25,000 by Polish Military Geographical Institute (1919–1939)

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Polish Cartographical Review

Journal's original version: electronic version  70 points in the evaluation of Ministry of Education and Science   The Polish...

MNiSW

Journal's original version: electronic version  70 points in the evaluation of Ministry of Education and Science...