<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>The aim</title>
The aim of this article is to indicate similarities and differences between EN ISO 9001:2015 quality management system in accordance with PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard and the accreditation standards of the Minister of Health.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
A comparative analysis of two documents describing requirements of the quality management system EN ISO 9001:2015 in accordance with PN-EN 15224:2017-02 and accreditation standards of the Minister of Health issued by the Quality Monitoring Centre was performed.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
This comparative analysis concerns individual aspects/quality requirements of the PN-EN 15224-02 standard with reference to thematically analogous accreditation standards. According to the following analysis designation of both the PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard and accreditation for health care sector causes natural, very high convergence and similarity between both systems. For specialist and expert on discussed subject, there is no bigger problem with connecting mutual reference of requirements of individual quality aspects described in the standard and accreditation standards. The PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard, similarly to accreditation standards, pays particular attention to obligation to manage clinical risk during planning, implementation and control of individual process which becomes the key element of quality management system for clinical activities. In both cases, data related to significant events connected with hospitalization should be analyzed and assessed, and conclusions and observations should be used to conduct improvement projects in important health care areas in accordance with the E. Deming quality improvement methodology (PDCA cycle). However, they can’t be said to be identical. Differences result from the very structure of the documents. Accreditation standards are divided into 15 subject areas, gathering a total of 221 standards. The PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard, in accordance with the ISO/ IEC Directives, Part 1, Consolidated ISO Supplement, Annex SL, contains common, consistent structure of new revised management system standards. Another difference between discussed systems concerns scope of both documents, the standard has international dimension and the set of standards is definitely national. There are, of course, many more similarities as well as differences, which this article deals with in full.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Carried out analysis shows clearly that, despite formal differences, there are numerous connections and analogies between requirements of individual quality aspects of the PN-EN 15224:2017-02 standard and requirements of the accreditation standards. Effective implementation of both requirements of the ISO standard in question and accreditation standards can constitute the basis for creating a single, consistent and effective management system for treatment entity as a whole.
</sec>
</abstract>

EN ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System for Health Care Sector in Accordance with PN-EN 15224:2017-02 Standard and Accreditation Standards of the Minister of Health – Comparative Analysis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Alcohol consumption in Poland has almost doubled between 2002 and 2018 from 6.5 to 11.7 litres of alcohol per adult inhabitant. Such rises have resulted in an epidemic of alcohol-related diseases which have thereby become one of the main factors affecting average life expectancy; this actually rose during 2013–2017 but then fell in 2018. A study undertaken on 52 OECD countries, (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), projected a 1.6 year decrease in life expectancy in Poland due to alcohol-related disease and injury by 2050. Health-related alcohol abuse is influenced by alcohol’s widespread availability and relatively low price, and the ineffectual enforcement of legal regulations for the sale of alcohol to minors. An increased availability of alcohol also fuels demand for alcoholic beverages, which in turn increases the risk of numerous injuries, accidents, aggressive behaviour, domestic violence and criminal or suicidal tendencies. An increased burden is now being placed on the state health care system due to the absence of an appropriate national policy regarding the harmful effects of drinking alcohol. Such policies should therefore be re-targeted on decreasing the availability of alcohol in order reduce harmful drinking behaviour that adversely and directly impact on health and society.
</abstract>

The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Demographics, Population Health and Social Wellbeing in Poland

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The most common childhood cancer is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which, thanks to medical progress, achieves up to 95% of complete remission and 80% of cures with appropriate treatment among patients diagnosed with ALL.
A less than three-year-old boy treated for an infectious disease and progressively worsening symptoms was transferred by the Emergency Department to the Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children after revealing leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. In a short time, the child’s condition deteriorated, and it was decided to transfer the patient to the Children’s Intensive Care Unit. Due to respiratory failure, the boy was intubated, and mechanical ventilation was started. Catecholamines and sedatives were introduced. Due to increasing edema and anuria, diuretics were administered without diuresis. Hemodialysis was used. In spite of transfused group compatible blood products and exchange transfusion, coagulation disorders occurred. On the tenth day of hospitalization in the intensive care unit, the procedure of confirming brain death was performed.
Both the prevention and treatment of hyperleukocytosis syndrome and the development of treatment methods do not reduce the risk of this syndrome among children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The determination of permanent and irreversible cessation of brain function is possible only after the proper execution of the procedure for determining brain death.
</abstract>

A Case Study of Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated in Intensive Care

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Introduction</title>
In 2009, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated that there was “limited evidence of a cause and effect relationship between an increased risk of breast cancer and smoking”. Environmental tobacco smoke is known to cause cancer by exerting both carcinogenic and genotoxic effects. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer risk.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The case/control study was conducted from 2015– –2019 in the Lodz region. The case group included 384 women with breast cancer; the control group included 298 healthy women. The research tool was an anonymous questionnaire.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
In the group of 682 respondents, 63% have ever smoked cigarettes (65.4%/60.1% in the case/control group respectively), 22.1% were current smokers, 67% were exposed to passive smoking. In the majority of cases, women were exposed to smoking by the husband (86%), the father (55.5%) or both (43.2%). Breast cancer risk is 253–271% higher for smokers (current – past) in comparison to the group of non-smokers, never exposed to passive smoking. The risk for passive smokers is 139% higher than for those not exposed.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of breast cancer. Public awareness of the negative consequences of passive smoking should be raised.
</sec>
</abstract>

Smoking Tobacco – a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec> 
<title style='display:none'>Introduction</title>
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as a subjective sensory and emotional sensation resulting from the action of stimuli that disturb the tissue. Pain significantly impacts the quality of our lives, mainly if it concerns the spine. In Poland, more than half of the population experiences pain in the spine, while as much as 44% of spine disorders concern the lower segment. Back pain is currently one of the most common reasons for contacting a GP, which makes it a medical and socio-economic problem.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Purpose of the study</title>
Subjective evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation in people with degeneration of the intervertebral disc.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The study was carried out in a group of 153 patients. A self-constructed questionnaire was the study tool.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results and conclusions</title>
The patients were asked to carry out activities of daily living. At the beginning, they reported the occurrence of pain, and thus the ordered activities were carried out by them carefully and slowly. At the end of rehabilitation, a control analysis was carried out, which showed an improvement in the quality of life of the patients (the pain rating on the scale decreased from 3.33 points to 2.36 points). The activities were carried out naturally. Properly selected and conducted rehabilitation causes both the improvement of the patients’ quality of life and the reduction of pain associated with degenerative spine disease.
</sec>
</abstract>

Rehabilitation Procedure in People with Degeneration of the Intervertebral Disc

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Introduction</title>
Human resource management is a key process in organisation management. Skilful management of the staff, setting the goals and motivating the employees to high-level performance of their tasks help to achieve the organisation’s goals consistently.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Purposes</title>
The study was aimed to analyse the process of motivating the doctors and nurses working in the Tomaszów Health Centre and to investigate the staff’s satisfaction with the incentives used in their workplace.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Materials and methods</title>
The study population covered fifty doctors and fifty nurses employed at four departments of the Tomaszów Health Centre. The study involved an analysis of the factors which motivate and demotivate the THC staff and an investigation of the incentives used towards the staff. The level of the study population (doctors and nurses) satisfaction with the methods of their motivation was also examined.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The analysis of the results revealed that the most desired factors with the most positive impact on the staff motivation level include appreciation bonuses (40% of the respondents), good atmosphere at work (38%) and the possibility to enhance one’s qualifications (21%). The stimulus which affects the effectiveness of the staff’s performance of their duties is an orally expressed praise of the CEO/president, boss or superior (31%). The doctors and nurses in the study population do not feel satisfied with the incentive scheme used in the THC (69%).
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
In-cash factors play the most important role in the incentive scheme for the majority of THC’s employees. Most of the doctors and nurses working for THC do not feel satisfied with the incentives used in their workplace.
</sec>
</abstract>

Human Resource Management in the Group of Doctors and Nurses Employed in the Tomaszów Health Centre in Tomaszów Mazowiecki

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Objectives</title>
The main goal of this paper is to assess the health behaviors of primary school teachers from the Kalisz county in the context of selected sociodemographic determinants.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The study was carried out between September and December 2021 among 500 primary school teachers in the Kalisz county in Poland. The selection of schools for the study was purposive sampling; 22 schools were randomly selected from primary schools in the Kalisz county. Ultimately, 315 correctly completed questionnaires were qualified for the study. The study employed the Authors’ Questionnaire Survey and the following standardized questionnaire: Inventory of Health-Related Behavior (IHB). Calculations were performed using STATISTICA 13.3 PL (TIBCO Software).
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The intensity of health behaviors was described as ‘average’ by 61.90% of the respondents. Based on the IHB questionnaire, it was found that the ‘preventive behaviors’ of the respondents had the strongest impact on their behavior and health. In the analyzed group, incorrect health behaviors (low physical activity or sedentary forms of leisure) prevailed.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
The study discovered the prevalence of anti-health behaviors, which were dependent on sociodemographic factors. It is necessary to introduce corrective actions aimed at raising teachers’ health awareness and eliminating anti-health behaviors among this professional group.
</sec>
</abstract>

Selected Determinants of Health Behaviors of Primary School Teachers in the Kalisz County in Poland

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
The diet of women in the preconception period and during pregnancy has a crucial impact on the development of the fetus and the health and metabolism of the baby. The energy requirements of a pregnant woman are higher, in addition, she should ensure an appropriate intake of particular nutrients and fluids. Folic acid supplementation is the most effective intervention in reducing congenital neural coil defects, as is stopping the consumption of alcohol and minimizing the intake of caffeinated beverages.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Objectives</title>
The aim of the study was to assess the dietary habits, including caffeine and alcohol consumption, of women who are pregnant or preparing to conceive a child.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The study population comprised (n=539) Polish women. An original questionnaire was used, including a metric and questions about preparation for pregnancy and dietary habits. Responses were collected via the Internet in forums for pregnant women.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Of the total of the women surveyed, 73% said they were preparing for pregnancy. 64% of the respondents began taking folic acid supplements and 49% had started vitamin and mineral supplementation. Only 21% of women said they had changed their diet in preparation for conceiving offspring. As many as 34% of women said they themselves had adequate knowledge about nutrition during pregnancy, while 43% searched for information on this topic on the Internet. The factor that differentiated the practiced eating habits to the greatest extent was the level of education.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Despite numerous recommendations, there are still many women who do not prepare for pregnancy and do not follow preconception recommendations. A large number of Polish women with lower education still do not take folic acid. It is necessary to educate the society also about harmful effects of alcohol on the developing fetus. Knowledge should be spread with the use of social media, because women often look for information about nutritional rules on the Internet.
</sec>
</abstract>

Selected Aspects of Nutritional Habits of Polish Women in the Preconception Period and During Pregnancy

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Hypogonadism is either hypergonadotropic (primary) or hypogonadotropic (secondary). When the pituitary gland is secreting an excess of gonadotropins, primary hypogonadism is diagnosed. In secondary hypogonadism, the levels of gonadotro-pins in the serum remain low. Male patients affected with hypogonadism present numerous symptoms due to a lack of testosterone, e.g., erectile impairment, feminization of the body, and infertility. The deterioration of self-confidence and quality of life underlines the importance of the correct diagnosis and effective treatment. Clomiphene citrate is registered in Europe for the treatment of ovulatory failure in women. It is often used as an off-label drug to treat hypogonadism in men, as it proves efficient in some cases and is relatively safe and easily administered in comparison to other medicaments, e.g., testosterone and gonadotropin analogs. We report on a 35-year-old Caucasian male patient who was admitted to the Department of Endocrinology with symptoms of erectile dysfunction, lowered self-esteem, hypersomnia, and trouble conceiving. A complex diagnostic procedure was performed, which led to the final diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and reactive hyperprolactinemia. The treatment with Clomiphene Citrate was implemented and brought significant improvement – the withdrawal of unwanted symptoms and restored hormonal balance – after two weeks.
</abstract>

Off-label Therapy of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in a 35-year-old Male Patient Using Clomiphene Citrate – A Case Study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Pain in the course of fibromyalgia (FMS) is a serious therapeutic problem of modern medicine. Patients experience generalized pain within the musculoskeletal system, which significantly reduces the perceived level of quality of life. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of therapeutic massage on the alleviation of pain in fibromyalgia and the change in HRQoL after the use of this type of therapy, including the classic and tensegration massage. The study group consisted of 41 people suffering from FMS (F:21; M:20). The mean age of all the studies people was 40 ± 9.6 years. All studied people participated in two short therapeutic series consisting of three procedures. The interval between the therapeutic series was two months. The series included: a single series of the classic massage and the tenseg-ration massage, respectively. Before and after each of the therapeutic series, the patients completed a survey questionnaire, based on the EQ-5D-5L standard. The analysis for independent variables was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxon pair order test for dependent variables, and the Spearman rank coefficient was determined. The assumed level of significance was p ≤ 0.05. A greater effectiveness of the tensegration massage compared to the classic massage was confirmed by analyzing the results of EQ-5D-5L. Analysis of the relationship between the first and second measurement in each of the EQ-5D-5L domains before and after the massage indicated significant relationships in the case of the tensegration massage (p ≤ 0.05 in each domain except the self-care domain p = 0.116). In the case of classical massage, a significant relationship was noted only in the domains of: pain and discomfort (p = 0.045) and anxiety and depression (p = 0.012). A significantly higher average level on the EQ-VAS scale was confirmed after the applied tensegration massage (I-TM:76.3 ± 16.9; II-TM:87.9 ± 13.6; p &lt; 0.001). In addition, the beneficial effect of physical activity and BMI on the effectiveness of fibromyalgia treatment and the level of HRQoL was demonstrated. Massage is an effective therapeutic method in fibromyalgia, allowing to improve health and thus HRQoL. Factors such as physical activity and BMI are also important.
</abstract>

Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of Patients Suffering from Fibromyalgia after the Classic and Tensegration Massage

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Pneumonia remains a frequent respiratory disease that occurs in people of all ages; however, its impact is particularly significant in geriatric population. It leads to severe complications and increased mortality rates. The clinical features in the elderly may be atypical, thus causing difficulties in the diagnostic process and possible treatment delays.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Aim of the study</title>
The study was designed to provide an overview of pneumonia, focusing on differences in the clinical picture, diagnosis, and prevention in the elderly.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and Methods</title>
The article is based on 51 articles published between 2008 and 2023, found in electronic databases Google Scholar and PubMed.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Age-related changes in immune and respiratory systems such as impaired cough reflex, reduced lung function, or lower immune cell production lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and heart diseases, increase the risk of pneumonia significantly. Radiographic examinations and laboratory tests are useful tools in differentiating pneumonia from other conditions. Vaccination is proven to perform a crucial role in pneumonia prevention.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
This review synthesizes the existing knowledge of pneumonia in the elderly including epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, and management. By enhancing the understanding of pneumonia in geriatric patients, healthcare professionals are able to improve diagnostic accuracy and tailor treatment strategies to reduce the burden of the disease.
</sec>
</abstract>

Pneumonia in Geriatric Patients: Focus on Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Prevention

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Arthoplasty is a surgical procedure consisting in replacing a natural joint altered by the disease process with an artificial joint. This surgery allows you to restore the lost function of the hip joint. Comprehensive rehabilitation plays an essential role after surgery.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Objectives</title>
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of rehabilitation on patients on the 1st and 14th day of rehabilitation after cementless hip arthroplasty on the load on the operated limb and to assess the function of the hip joint.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The studies were performed on a group of 44 patients with post-surgery rehabilitation.The studies were performed twice: on the 1st and 14th day of rehabilitation. The standardized questionnaires was used: Harris Hip Score and WOMAC. The reaction of ground forces was assessed using the Alpha stabilometric platform.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
The average point value indicated on the Harris Scale significantly increased in the measurement on the 14th day of rehabilitation by 8.57 ± 6.56 points (p &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, the WOMAC Scale showed a decrease in point values in the second measurement by 9.67 ± 6.76 points (p &lt; 0.001). A significant increase in the average load on the operated lower limb by 3.68 ± 3.18% was indicated as measured on the 14th day of rehabilitation (p &lt; 0.001). The difference between the average load of the right and left limbs in the measurement on the first day of rehabilitation was an average of 9.77%, while on the fourteenth day of rehabilitation the difference between the average load of the right and left limbs decreased to an average of 3.5%.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Postsurgery rehabilitation allows to obtain physiological load ranges of the lower limbs, striving for a 50% share in the load of each of the lower limbs. The effectiveness of the implemented rehabilitation is confirmed on the basis of the analysed limb load parameters and the analysis of patients’ subjective assessments made using standardized questionnaires.
</sec>
</abstract>

Assessment of Hip Joint Function and Limb Load in Patients after Cementless Hip Arthroplasty During 14-day Rehabilitation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Introduction</title>
Pregnancy is a special time in a woman’s life. Physical activity during pregnancy, after excluding possible contraindications and adjusting the appropriate form of exercise, benefits both the mother and the developing child. It is recommended that pregnant women exercise about 150 minutes per week, especially recommended disciplines are walking, swimming and aerobic exercise.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
To assess the knowledge of pregnant women from the Lodz Voivodeship about taking up physical activity.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Material and methodology</title>
Original online survey questionnaire consisting of 33 questions. The study involved 111 pregnant women. Inclusion criteria: pregnant women, aged between 20 and 40 years, residents of the Lodz Voivodeship, informed consent to participate in the study.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Women taking physical activity before becoming pregnant accounted for 56.73% of subjects, while 63.96% of subjects were physically active during pregnancy. Pregnant women most often chose walking (33.33%), swimming (27.93%) and indoor cycling (18.02%). The most popular sources of knowledge for pregnant women were: medical staff (72.07%), Internet (41.44%) and family (30.36%).
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Women who exercised before pregnancy continued to be active during pregnancy. More than half of the previously non-exercising pregnant women were inactive. Among those who exercise before pregnancy, the most common forms of physical exercise are: fitness, swimming, running and cycling. Among pregnant women walking, swimming and cycling. The most popular sources of knowledge about physical activity among pregnant women were: medical staff and the Internet. Educational activities should be carried out to promote and raise awareness of physical activity.
</sec>
</abstract>

Knowledge about Physical Activity and Taking Up Physical Activity by Pregnant Women Covered by Obstetric and Gynecological Care in Selected Facilities in the Lodz Voivodeship

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
HPV (human papilloma virus) is one of the most common viral infections and almost every sexually active person will be infected with it during their lifetime. Infection may be asymptomatic or clinically manifest causing multiple disease units. There is primary prevention available in the form of recommended protective vaccinations.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Objective</title>
To assess knowledge about the human papillomavirus and factors influencing the attitude towards recommended HPV vaccinations among the inhabitants of the Lodz Voivodeship.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
Original online survey questionnaire consisting of 20 questions. The study involved 134 participants.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
80.6% of the respondents knew what the abbreviation HPV means. 75.0% of them correctly identified the route of sexual contact as the route of the virus transmission. The majority, i.e., 85.1%, of those surveyed indicated cervical cancer as a disease that may be the result of HPV infection. 92.5% of respondents were aware of the existence of the HPV vaccine, while 72.9% of them were aware that it was recommended for both girls and boys. 92.3% of those who had been vaccinated in the past supported the recommended protective vaccinations, as well as 52.4% of those who had not been vaccinated, and 46.2% of those with unknown vaccination history
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Medical workers were more knowledgeable about the human papillomavirus than non-medical workers, so physicians should constantly educate their patients. People who were vaccinated in the past have a more positive attitude towards vaccination than people were not vaccinated. Information campaigns should be organized for the inhabitants of the Lodz Voivodeship to promote knowledge about pathogenicity, risk factors, and HPV prevention and its methods.
</sec>
</abstract>

Assessment of Knowledge about the Human Papillomavirus and Factors Influencing the Attitude Towards Recommended Protective Vaccinations against HPV among the Inhabitants of the Lodz Voivodeship

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
The main task of the State Medical Rescue System is to provide assistance to every person who faces a sudden health emergency or threat to life. This is provided through Medical Rescue Teams, the analysis of which will allow us to take a closer look at their characteristics and indicate possible areas for improvement.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Objectives</title>
The purpose of this study is to research the functioning of Medical Rescue Teams in Łódź in 2020, including determining the number, type, reasons and legitimacy of interventions, and detailing the characteristics of patients, place of events, time of departure, time of arrival at the scene and the number and type of trips.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and methods</title>
The material consists of 72,749 trips carried out by Medical Rescue Teams in Łódź in 2020. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using the Statistica v. 13.3 program, where the χ2 test was used to determine the relationship between the variables. A significance level of p&lt;0.05 was assumed. The statistical analysis shows that 72,749 trips were carried out by Medical Rescue Teams in Łódź in 2020, 89% of which were “P” type, and 11% “S” type.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Most of the interventions (emergency callouts) were visits to women and to the elderly (those in the 60+ age category). Teams were usually dispatched in the departure urgency code “1”. The most common places to which emergency teams were sent were patients’ homes and public places. Ambulances were more often called for patients who were not in a state of emergency than for those who were. The most common reasons for requesting help were symptoms, disease features, cardiovascular diseases, injuries and poisonings.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Noting the high percentage of calls to patients who did not have a sudden threat to life or health – educational activities should be carried out to promote and increase awareness of the reasons for calling emergency medical teams.
</sec>
</abstract>

Analysis of the Intervention of Emergency Medical Teams in Lodz in 2020

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease that significantly impacts everyday life. To date, little is known about oral cavity health in patients with IPF.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Aim</title>
The study aimed to evaluate the condition of the oral cavity in patients with IPF and to assess their quality of life concerning oral cavity health.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Methods</title>
The study was a cross-sectional one, collecting clinical data of patients with IPF and control subjects without pulmonary disorders. Data collection included baseline characteristics, oral cavity inspection results, and 12 answers provided in the GOHAI questionnaire. Periodontal status was investigated, and PD, CAL, BoP, API, CPITN and OHI were analyzed. Saliva secretion, halitosis, and oral lesions were also assessed.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Results</title>
A total of 85 subjects – 40 patients with IPF and 45 controls – were enrolled in the study. In patients with IPF, both lower PD [0.54 (0.36–0.96) vs. 1.1 (0.6–1.44); p=0.001] and CAL [0.54 (0.3–1.26) vs. 1.43 (1.04–1.91); p=0.006] were found, and those patients also had lower saliva secretion [1.08 (0.33) vs. 1.28 (0.39); p=0.01]. Patients with IPF received periodontal treatment less frequently [2 (2.24%) vs. 15 (17.6%); p=0.001], and dental instruction was shown to them less often compared to the controls [13 (32.5) vs. 26 (57.78); p=0.02]. Moreover, IPF patients had significantly higher GOHAI scores [50.68 (5.24) vs. 44.37 (5.94); p&lt;0.001] compared to the control subjects.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Our study findings prompt the need for regular dental consultations and careful observation of dental prophylaxis in patients with IPF. The differences noted in the quality of life assessed using a GOHAI questionnaire need a further validation in larger cohort studies.
</sec>
</abstract>

Oral Health and Wellbeing of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Due to increasing life expectancy, the number of elderly people is increasing. This contributes to the increased incidence of geriatric syndromes, which lead to a loss of mobility, independence and worsens the quality of life.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Aim</title>
The aim of this article is to review the literature on the use of dance training as a factor in reducing the risk of falls, depression and dementia in the elderly, and also in reducing the effects of these conditions.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Material and Methods</title>
40 articles were reviewed using PubMed, Google Scholar and ResearchGate databases published between 2008 and 2022.
</sec>
<sec><title style='display:none'>Conclusions</title>
Dancing can be an element of training, which, by improving coordination, balance and muscle strength, reduces the risk of falls among the elderly. By positively influencing the mood, creating opportunities to build new relationships or reducing the feeling of loneliness, it is one of the factors preventing the occurrence of depression and alleviating its symptoms. Although dancing increases the level of neurotrophic factors and increases the volume of the hippocampus, its effects on cognitive and executive functions are not fully understood. However, there are reports that it can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and alleviate anxiety in people with dementia, so the use of dance interventions seems to be a beneficial form of exercise among the elderly, especially since it does not require the use of specialized equipment and costs are not high.
</sec>
</abstract>

Dance as an Element of Prevention and Treatment of Falls, Depression and Dementia in the Geriatric Population

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Background</title>
Depression is a common disorder among older adults, yet it is not a standard element of the aging process. Depression can affect oral health as a result of neglecting hygiene routines, poor nutrition, and avoiding necessary dental care, resulting in an increased risk of caries and periodontal disease. On the other hand, general health deteriorating with age and also poor oral health are not without their impact on mental state.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Objectives</title>
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and its association with oral problems in patients over 65 years of age using removable prosthetic restorations.
</sec>
<sec>
<title style='display:none'>Materials and methods</title>
Ninety-eight elderly patients (over 65 years of age) using removable prosthetic restorations were studied. The study variables included sociodemographic data (age, gender), and variables describing general health status included smoking and systemic diseases. The association of oral health parameters with depression was assessed using the following variables: missing teeth, duration of prosthetic restoration use, prosthetic inflammation, and dry mouth.
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<title style='display:none'>Results</title>
Depression is significantly more frequently diagnosed among elderly patients (median age 72 years) with the evidence of a nervous system disease, denture wearers diagnosed with prosthetic ground inflammation, patients with dry mouth (according to the FOX test), and among patients using removable dentures for more than 10 years. Additionally, in the assessment of the risk of depression, age, cardiovascular disease, nervous system disease, duration of denture use of more than 10 years, prosthetic base inflammation and dry mouth according to the FOX test were found to statistically significantly increase the chance of developing depression.
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<title style='display:none'>Conclusion</title>
The above data should be taken into account in the daily dental care of the elderly, and interdisciplinary care should be considered in elderly patients at risk of depression.
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</abstract>

Assessment of the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Patients over 65 Years of Age Using Removable Dentures

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Journal of Health Study and Medicine

The Journal of Health Study and Medicine (JHSM) is dedicated to publish original scientific articles about all aspects of medicine, covering significant developments in the field of...

MNiSW

The Journal of Health Study and Medicine (JHSM) is dedicated to publish original scientific articles about all aspects of medicine, covering...