<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. Developing the ability to control the speed of swimming is an important part of swimming training. Maintaining a defined constant speed makes it possible for the athlete to swim economically at a low physiological cost. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concurrent visual feedback transmitted by the Leader device on the control of swimming speed in a single exercise test. Material and methods. The study involved a group of expert swimmers (n = 20). Prior to the experiment, the race time for the 100 m distance was determined for each of the participants. In the experiment, the participants swam the distance of 100 m without feedback and with visual feedback. In both variants, the task of the participants was to swim the test distance in a time as close as possible to the time designated prior to the experiment. In the first version of the experiment (without feedback), the participants swam the test distance without receiving real-time feedback on their swimming speed. In the second version (with visual feedback), the participants followed a beam of light moving across the bottom of the swimming pool, generated by the Leader device. Results. During swimming with visual feedback, the 100 m race time was significantly closer to the time designated. The difference between the pre-determined time and the time obtained was significantly statistically lower during swimming with visual feedback (p = 0.00002). Conclusions. Concurrently transmitting visual feedback to athletes improves their control of swimming speed. The Leader device has proven useful in controlling swimming speed.</abstract>

The Effect of Concurrent Visual Feedback on Controlling Swimming Speed

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. The main goal of the study was to examine the changes in the scores achieved by a group of the best decathletes in Poland and in the world over the duration of their entire sports careers. Material and methods. The study examined the careers of 25 top decathletes in Poland and 25 top decathletes in the world who achieved their best scores in the decathlon in the years 1985-2015. Changes in their performance were analysed using three research protocols, which explored the relationships between the decathletes’ performance and their age, the number of years of training completed, and the number of years elapsed before and after the decathletes achieved their personal best scores. In order to analyse the data, some basic descriptive statistics, performed segmented regression, and computed fixed-base and chain indices were calculated. Conclusions. The findings of the current study indicate that decathletes achieve the best outcomes between the ages of 25 and 30. Furthermore, it was found that the time when the personal best scores were attained was preceded by the greatest increases in the level of performance and followed by the largest decreases in performance. Determining the way performance outcomes change in particular years of the career of a decathlete can help manage their training in different phases of their career more effectively.</abstract>

University of Rzeszów, Faculty of Physical Education, Department of Methodology and Computer Science

Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Chair of Individual Sports

The Development of the Sports Careers of the Best Decathletes in the World and in Poland in the Years 1985–2015

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. The aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between affective states experienced by athletes and the outcome of their performance. The article presents the findings of a pilot study which made it possible to determine the relationship between the emotional states, mood, and level of stress of a group of pentathletes and the outcomes they achieved in a sports competition. Material and methods. The study involved 12 senior modern pentathletes, including 7 male and 5 female athletes. The following standard psychology questionnaires were used in the study: the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Profile of Mood State (POMS). Performance was assessed based on the number of points achieved by the pentathletes in particular events in the pentathlon, which are held according to the rules set by the International Modern Pentathlon Union (UIPM). Results. The findings of the study confirmed that there was a correlation between the athletes’ mood and emotions and the outcome of their performance. The level of stress strongly negatively correlated with both the outcome they expected to achieve and the one they actually achieved for the combined event (running and shooting). For this event a relationship was also found between the athletes’ affective states and their outcomes: in running and shooting there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between the level of positive emotions and anger and the results achieved. However, friendliness, one of the other affective state variables that were measured, correlated negatively with the outcomes of the athletes’ performance. Conclusions. In the group of pentathletes who participated in the study, a high level of anger was associated with better outcomes, and a high level of friendliness had an adverse effect on the results achieved. The findings of the current study confirm that there is a relationship between affective states and performance outcomes, but the findings do not correspond with Morgan’s iceberg profile.</abstract>

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education, Doctoral Studies

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Department of Recreation Methodology

Affective States and Performance Outcomes – The Findings of Preliminary Research Involving Pentathletes

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess final-year physical education (PE) students’ knowledge of exercises strengthening the abdominal muscles which are used in the introductory part of a PE lesson. Material and methods. The research involved 467 final-year physical education students. The group examined included undergraduate (Bachelor) and postgraduate (Master) students from four universities in Poland. A knowledge test with photographs was used to conduct the study. The students completed the knowledge test with one of the authors present. If the students had any questions regarding the exercises included in the test, they were demonstrated by the person in the photographs. The data were analysed using the Mann- Whitney-Wilcoxon test. Kendall’s concordance coefficient was used to assess reliability and measure the agreement between the opinions of a group of experts who were asked to rate the exercises in terms of their safety and effectiveness. The calculations were made with the use of statistical and calculation software (SPSS 9.0 for Windows). An alpha value &lt; 0.05 was accepted as the level of significance of differences between the groups of undergraduate and postgraduate students. Results. Eighty-two participants (17.6%) performed the task correctly, selecting all the safe exercises, 139 students (29.8%) made one error, while 110 marked all the overloading and ineffective exercises as safe. Conclusions. The students’ knowledge of safe exercises strengthening the abdominal muscles was insufficient. Both undergraduate and postgraduate students demonstrated similar knowledge concerning these exercises.</abstract>

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Posture Correction and Compensation

Józef Rusiecki University College in Olsztyn, Department of Physiotherapy

Physical Education Students’ Knowledge of Selected Safe and Non-Recommended Exercises Strengthening the Abdominal Muscles

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. Physical education programmes are primarily based upon sports that originated in the Western European tradition. Implementing indigenous traditions such as traditional Polish games and play is an excellent opportunity to make those programmes more modern and attractive. In order to make use of the value and potential of these activities, it is necessary to introduce them into the programmes of Polish schools. This study sought to show the chances of traditional Polish forms of activity becoming a permanent part of physical education lessons and make present and future PE teachers aware of the fact that such forms of activity exist. Material and methods. The study included 125 PE teachers (62 females and 63 males) from randomly selected schools in eastern Poland. It was carried out with the use of a diagnostic survey, which included an original questionnaire designed by the author consisting of questions regarding the subjects’ knowledge of traditional Polish games and play, their place and role in national culture, as well as the possibility of using them in physical education. Correspondence analysis was employed to examine the data. Results. The research revealed that the participants of the study were relatively poorly prepared to be promoters and continuers of traditional Polish games, play, and sports. This mainly stemmed from the fact that they were hardly aware of the role of those forms of activities in the process of physical education and had little knowledge of traditional forms of physical activity that originate in indigenous culture. Conclusions. The teachers examined are insufficiently prepared to introduce traditional Polish games, play, and sports into the process of physical education. It is necessary to broaden the programme and educational offerings in the field of national heritage regarding traditional forms of physical activity that come from national cultures.</abstract>

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Anthropology and Anthropomotorics

Possibilities of Implementing Traditional Polish Games and Play in the Process of Physical Education According to Pe Teachers

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Introduction. In recent years, a decline in the level of physical activity has been observed all over the world. The number of professions where work is performed in a sitting position has increased. This has had many consequences for our health, the society, and the economy. The aim of this work was to determine which forms of physical activity are the most popular in administrative and office workers, depending on the motives which encourage them to be active. Material and methods. In 2014, a diagnostic survey was carried out among 937 persons in administrative and office positions using a questionnaire form designed by the authors. The study involved persons aged 18 to 65 years, and most of the respondents were female (n = 669). A qualitative analysis of the data was carried out using logistic regression, and the findings were considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. Results. Changing the shape of one’s body was found to be the main determinant of using the gym among the respondents. Persons who jogged regularly, on the other hand, did so in order to increase physical fitness, and those who practised Nordic walking were motivated by the need to care for their health. As far as swimming is concerned, persons who had friends that engaged in this form of activity undertook it almost ten times more often than those who did not have such support from their family and friends (OR = 9.58). Respondents who desired to meet new people were over five times more likely to choose team games as an active form of spending their leisure time (OR = 5.21) than other respondents. Finally, those who engaged in physical activity in order to strengthen family bonds preferred playing and playing games with children in the open air. Conclusions. The predominant forms of physical activity which were regularly performed by the respondents were walking, cycling, and doing gymnastic exercise at home. The respondents were mainly motivated to pursue these activities due to their desire to relieve tension and stress, care for their health, and lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.</abstract>

Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Health Sciences

Medical University of Lublin, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology

Determinants of Practising Selected Forms of Physical Activity in a Group of Administrative and Office Workers

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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English encompassing external various fields of medical and health sciences, physical culture and natural sciences linked with sport, physical education, sports medicine as well as tourism and physical recreation.  The journal publishes the following types of papers:    original research papers (maximum 12 standard pages of typescript, including tables, figures, references and abstract),  review papers commissioned by the Editor (maximum 20 standard pages of typescript, including documentation),  short communications (maximum 3 standard pages of typescript plus one table or figure and up to 5 references),  letters to the Editor expressing an opinion on previously published manuscripts or a comment connected with the journal’s issues (maximum 2 standard pages of typescript),  news (information on conferences, abstracts of Ph.D. thesis and Post-Doc. thesis, book reviews, biographical notes),  advertisements that may be printed on separate pages of the periodical (prices are subject to individual negotiations).   Why subscribe and read   High standard of contents;  Good publishing quality available in both forms, electronic and printed;  The journal presents the views of all scientific disciplines dealing with physical education, recreation, tourism, health and fitness, and sport science;   Why submit   Indexed in abstracting databases and evaluated by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education;  Fair and constructive peer review by experts in the field;  The journal is developing very rapidly;   The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges;   Rejection Rate   80%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  