<trans-abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The grain and straw yield, the energy input (fuel, fertilizer, pesticides, machinery) and energy efficiency parameters (energy output, net-energy output, energy intensity, energy use efficiency) as affected by the amount of mineral nitrogen fertilizer (0 kg, 60 kg, 120 kg und 180 kg N ha−1) and mineral fertilizer strategies (different mineral N-fertilizer, splitting) were analyzed on two sites in the Marchfeld plain (Engelhartstetten und Groß-Enzersdorf) in two two-year experiments. The question should be answered which mineral nitrogen fertilizations (N form, N amount and N splitting) has the highest energy efficiency. With increasing N-fertilizer amount (60 kg, 120 kg und 180 kg N ha−1), the share of fertilizer energy to total energy increased: 24%, 38% and 48%. Due to the law of decreasing yield increments, the energy efficiency for the nitrogen amount of 180 kg ha−1 was statistically significant lower than for 60 kg ha−1 and 120 kg ha−1 in Engelhartstetten. Splitting the amount of N fertilizer into three doses increased fuel consumption by 4 % compared to a single application of the total amount of fertilizer. The energy efficiency parameters were hardly influenced by splitting. N-fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate was more energy efficient than with urea (pure, stabilized, soil incorporated). The energy efficiency analyses can contribute to the assessment of environmental effects of management practices.</trans-abstract>

Department für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften

Abteilung Bodengesundheit und Pflanzenernährung

Department für Raum, Landschaft und Infrastruktur

Energy input and energy efficiency of winter wheat with different mineral fertilizers in the Marchfeld plain

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">We have analyzed the loss of agricultural land in a case study of the community Eggelsberg in the Innviertel in Upper Austria. The trigger for the project was the attribution of Austria as Europe’s leader in soil sealing. We compared the results of the Austrian agricultural soil survey of the 1970s with the actual land use and quantified the land use change. Within half a century, 15% of the agricultural area was converted to settlement area or to other forms of infrastructure. According to the original soil assessment, 96 ha of high-quality cropland, 1,220 ha of medium-quality cropland, 121 ha of low-quality cropland, and 409 ha of grassland were converted. The forest cover remained stable. The highest share of soil sealing was owed to the expansion of the settlement area and the construction of a successful enterprise. Minor contributions were expansions of farm buildings. The loss of agricultural land was reasonable and reflected the needs of the local population. A special protection status because of the future relevance of the agricultural land was not communicated to land managers and is not reflected in the market prices of agricultural products. The relevance of the agricultural land beyond the regional level is not fully recognized.</abstract>

Conversion of agricultural soils in Austria—a case study for a community in Upper Austria

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Ecological intensification of crop production involves the use of intercrops and the rational use of inoculation and fertilization in case of intercrops including legume species. The root system plays an important role in the productivity of crops. Therefore, effects of the inoculation treatments (Nitragina) or foliar fertilization (Photrel) or a combination of both were assessed on root parameters of pea grown as pure stand or intercrops with linseed or wheat in a 3-year experiment in Poland. Crop stand composition influenced the root parameters of pea with a higher root length density (RLD) in the root fractions of 0.1–1 mm of pea in pea/linseed intercrops than in the pure stand, a higher mean root diameter (MRD) in pure pea and intercrops of pea with linseed than with wheat, and also a tendency of a higher root dry matter (RDM) in pure pea and pea/linseed than in pea/wheat in 2 out of the 3 years. RLD was higher with Photrel than with Nitragina in root fractions of 0.1–0.5 mm. Treatments did not affect the MRD, but a combination of Nitragina + Photrel increased the RDM in 1 year. Intercropping of pea with linseed and the application of a foliar fertilizer might be a strategy to improve pea root characteristics.</abstract>

Department of Agroecology and Plant Production

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU)

Impact of crop stand, <italic>Rhizobium</italic> inoculation, and foliar fertilization on pea root parameters

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Philippines stingless bee (<italic>Tetragonula biroi</italic> Friese) pot-pollen are known for their advantageous effects on human health due to a high nutritional value and a broad range of beneficial physiological and pharmacological effects. However, safety aspects regarding this product were rarely examined. Therefore, pollen samples from the Philippines were analyzed for inorganic contaminants and microbiological quality. Obtained values for heavy metals (e.g., arsenic 0.015–0.032 mg/kg, cadmium 0.053–0.153 mg/kg and lead 0.017–0.155 mg/kg) were generally lower compared to previous studies and most were within the safety limits. Further, microbial counts for total aerobic microorganisms, yeasts and molds, Enterobacteriaceae, <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>Salmonella</italic>, and <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> were in accordance with the recommended values. Microbial population was diverse and the identified species were mostly endosporeformers such as <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. and <italic>Clostridium</italic> spp., and molds because of the low water activity and low pH of the pot-pollens. Results indicated that good practices in agriculture, hygiene and manufacturing in every step of the production chain must be implemented in order to enhance the quality and safety of this bee product. Overall, pot-pollens from <italic>T. biroi</italic> are safe for human consumption if hygienic principles are applied.</abstract>

Department of Food Science and Technology

BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna

Institute of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences

Safety aspects of stingless bee pot-pollen from the Philippines

<trans-abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Companies must communicate about their activities or products to be perceived as an outstanding company. Representing excellence, in terms of “top performance” and “outperforming others”, offers companies the opportunity to differentiate themselves from their competitors. The present article compares the Austrian view on excellence and its communication in the dairy industry with the German one by means of two regional studies. To this end, their focus on sustainability (self-reports) and the presentation of awards and certifications (third-party reports) are used as expressions of excellence. We evaluated 22 expert interviews conducted in Austria and Germany using Mayring's qualitative content analysis at category level. The descriptive website analysis of 197 Austrian and German dairies complements the study.The results show that dairies from both countries must stand out from the market by performing outstandingly and differentiating themselves due to increasing product requirements and competitive pressure. Excellence in the dairy industry is described as a multi-causal and relative parameter in which sustainability is aligned. In this context, the communication of awards and certificates have different weights. Austrian dairies communicate won awards more clearly than German. In both countries mainly product awards are displayed; and certificates are considered signs of excellence only to a limited extent. Overall, external reports are mostly dependent on financial and human resources; to a lesser extent this applies to self-reports.</trans-abstract>

Excellence in the Austrian and German Dairy Sector – a comparison

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Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment

“Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment” is an interdisciplinary forum dedicated to all aspects of research in the rural area. Our aim is to provide an international outlet for new results in all disciplines of land management, food, environment and related sciences.  The journal publishes in an open access model.  Rejection Rate   10 % (2014)   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  Copyright Policy  The work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.  Peer Review process  The journal uses a double-blind reviewing process, thus authors remain anonymous to referees and referees remain anonymous to authors. 

Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment

Volume 71 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)

Energy input and energy efficiency of winter wheat with different mineral fertilizers in the Marchfeld plain

Conversion of agricultural soils in Austria—a case study for a community in Upper Austria

Impact of crop stand, Rhizobium inoculation, and foliar fertilization on pea root parameters

Safety aspects of stingless bee pot-pollen from the Philippines

Excellence in the Austrian and German Dairy Sector – a comparison

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