<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The study aimed to determine the magnitude of changes in air temperature in Skierniewice, Poland, over the last 100 years, with particular emphasis on multi-year variability. The source material for the analyses were air temperature measurements from 1923 to 2022 obtained from the meteorological station in the Experimental Field of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences and the station in the Experimental Orchard of the National Institute of Horticultural Research. The study presents average annual, minimum, and maximum air temperatures along with an assessment of the trend of their multi-year variability. The features of changes in the average air temperature in Skierniewice presented in the study based on a 100-year series of meteorological measurements are characterized by high temporal variability with a clear upward trend. The average warming rate over 100 years was 0.17 °C per 10 years, but in the last 60 years it has already reached 0.38 °C per 10 years. In the case of the average annual air temperature since 1981, there has been a sequence of years warmer than average throughout the measurement period. The number of summer days (>25 °C) and hot days, when the maximum temperature exceeds 30 °C, is also increasing. In the analyzed period, the decade 2013–2022 was the warmest.
</abstract>

Variability of Air Temperature in Skierniewice, Poland, Over the Period 1923–2022

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

The research aimed to determine the phenotypic characteristic, pathogenicity and molecular characterization of <italic>Hypomyces perniciosus</italic> isolates responsible for wet bubble disease of the white button mushroom <italic>Agaricus bisporus</italic>. Phenotypic characteristics such as colony appearance, mycelium texture, and pigmentation were studied on four different agar media, i.e., potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), Czapek-Dox yeast agar (CYA), and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), after eight days of incubation. Additionally, the growth rate of the tested isolates was studied depending on the pH of the medium. Fungal isolates showed the highest mycelial growth on MEA and SDA at pH 6.0. However, on CYA at pH 7.0, the mycelium exhibited the worst growth. Isolate identification and genetic relationship analysis were carried out using internal transcribed spacer region sequencing and the random amplified polymorphic DNA method. The research confirmed that all Polish isolates belong to the species <italic>H. perniciosus</italic>, and the genetic diversity is relatively low. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three subgroups of <italic>H. perniciosus</italic> isolates. The first group included three genetically distinct isolates with a similarity coefficient in the range of 0.76–0.85 to isolates CBS 815.73 and CBS 322.52. The second group was divided into two subgroups and included 16 isolates with a genetic similarity range of 0.91 to 1.0 to CBS 815.73 and CBS 322.52 isolates. Furthermore, the eight genetically similar isolates exhibited the greatest pathogenicity towards <italic>A. bisporus</italic>.
</abstract>

Phenotypic Characteristics, Pathogenicity, and Molecular Identification of <italic>Hypomyces perniciosus</italic> Causing Wet Bubble Disease of Edible Mushrooms

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulants derived from <italic>Streptomyces avermitilis</italic> metabolites on entomopathogenic nematodes: <italic>Steinernema carpocapsae</italic>, <italic>Steinernema feltiae</italic>, and <italic>Heterorhabditis bacteriophora</italic>, obtained from the soil of several <italic>Miscanthus</italic> × <italic>giganteus</italic> plantations in 2020–2023. The nematodes were isolated, identified, and cultured using live insects (the greater wax moth <italic>Galleria mellonella</italic>). Three preparations containing biostimulants – Charkor, Stimpo, and Regoplant, were tested for compatibility with entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes. Their effect on nematode survival was evaluated using the Petri dish test. The study showed that the effect of biostimulants on the survival of nematodes depended on the concentration of aversectin contained in the evaluated preparations. Stimpo and Regoplant had an adverse effect on plant parasitic nematodes. The highest <italic>G. mellonella</italic> mortality was observed at the higher dose of Charkor (0.4%), and the lowest at the lower dose of Regoplant (1.22%). The study showed that the virulence of the nematodes decreased after 48 hours of incubation in Regoplant and Stimpo solutions containing aversectin. The degree of interaction between nematodes depended on the nematode species, trophic preferences, and the concentration of active ingredients in the preparations. This conclusion is crucial for the selection of appropriate types of entomopathogenic nematodes and the application rate of plant parasitic nematodes in the assessment of their short- and long-term spread, persistence, and recycling in field conditions.
</abstract>

The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences

Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem

Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Melitopol State Pedagogical University

Effect of the Biostimulants of Microbiological Origin on the Entomopathogenic and Plant Parasitic Nematodes from <italic>M<sc>iscanthus</sc></italic> × <italic>G<sc>iganteus</sc></italic> Plantations

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A lucrative and delicious nonclimacteric tropical fruit, rambutan, has disadvantages of inadequate fruiting, low yield, and inferior edibility at farm level that need to be addressed. Moreover, unstable tropical temperatures and humidity threaten poor fruit set and insufficient rambutan yields. Therefore, the study revealed the effectiveness of gibberellic acid (GA3) on fruit set and retention, fruit size and yield, shelf life, and postharvest properties of rambutan under these atmospheric conditions. GA3 at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm, apart from the control (without GA3), was applied to panicles twice in the early flowering and the early fruiting stages (thirty days after the first spraying). The results showed that maximum fruit set (223.2 per panicle), retention (13.2 per panicle, 5.9%), and yield (714.0 g per panicle) were obtained by GA3 treatment at 300 ppm. In addition to increasing fruit size (54.1 g) and pulp weight (31.3 g), GA3 at a dose of 300 ppm significantly reduced seed weight by 27.5% and increased the edible portion by 26.6% compared to the control. Notably, preharvest GA3 treatment increased TSS content (19.0%), total sugar (4.5%), and shelf life (11.5 days), while it decreased titratable acidity (0.4%) of rambutan. GA3 doses from 200 to 500 ppm had similar effects in terms of affecting the edible properties and shelf life of rambutan. However, fruit set, retention, and yield exhibited distinct dose-dependent responses, with 300 ppm being the best and 200 ppm consistent with the best, with some differences. Regression analysis showed a skewed curve explaining higher yield and better fruit quality at the medium GA3 treatment level (250–350 ppm). In comparison, lower (&lt; 200 ppm) and higher (> 400 ppm) doses resulted in worse results in most cases. Therefore, regulated use of GA3 is necessary to improve rambutan yield and fruit quality.
</abstract>

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

Gibberellic Acid Spray Modulates Fruiting, Yield, Quality, and Shelf Life of Rambutan (<italic>Nephelium lappaceum</italic> L.)

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), normalizing target gene expression using a reference gene is an indispensable step to control the variability of RNA extraction yield, RNA integrity, reverse transcription efficiency, and PCR amplification. In the present study, we identified candidate reference genes with stable expression during grapes’ flowering and berry development stages. Ten genes, including <italic>ACT</italic>, <italic>CYP5</italic>, <italic>RLI</italic>, <italic>TUB</italic>, <italic>UBC</italic>, <italic>UBC17</italic>, <italic>UBC60</italic>, <italic>UFD1</italic>, <italic>VAG</italic>, and <italic>ZNF</italic> with relatively stable expression, were selected based on RNAseq data generated earlier in grape hybrid ‘ARI 516’. The expression of these candidate genes was tested at different stages of flowering and grape berry development. Five different algorithms such as RefFinder, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative ΔCq method were used to test the expression stability of candidate genes. A comprehensive ranking obtained by RefFinder showed that <italic>UBC17</italic>, <italic>RLI</italic>, and <italic>ZNF</italic> were the most stable reference genes during flower and berry development stages. <italic>UBC17</italic>, <italic>RLI</italic>, and <italic>ZNF</italic> were calibrators to normalize the expression of <italic>VvAGL11</italic> as a target gene to validate the worthiness of identified reference genes. The result demonstrated that newly identified reference genes could be successfully used to normalize the expression of the target gene accurately. These reference genes will provide more choices for selecting appropriate reference genes to normalize gene expression in grapes.
</abstract>

Identification and Validation of New Reference Genes for Normalization of Gene Expression in Flower and Berry Developmental Stages of Interspecific Grape Hybrid <italic>V. vinifera</italic> (L.) × <italic>V. labrusca</italic> (L.)

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Journal of Horticultural Research

 Journal of Horticultural Research is a successor of two journals: Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research and Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin, published by the National Institute of Horticultural Research. The archive papers can be found at the following addresses:- Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research- Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin   Journal of Horticultural Research is a bi-annual journal, which publishes original, peer-reviewed papers, short communications and review articles covering basic sciences as well as practical aspects of fruit, vegetable and ornamental plant research.   Relevant subjects include: biotechnology, plant breeding, crop cultivation outdoor and under covers, soil management and plant nutrition, plant-water relations, glasshouse climate, soil biology, weed science, pest and diseases, growth regulators, seed science, post-harvest physiology and quality evaluation, nutritional value, storage and processing technology, economics and management research.   Why subscribe and read:    accessibility of articles,   wide range of subjects,   authors from all over the world.      Why submit:    promotion of each published article,   constructive peer review by specialists,   worldwide dissemination of research results.      Rejection Rate:    50%      Archiving   Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.   Plagiarism Policy   The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Journal of Horticultural Research

AHEAD OF PRINT

Variability of Air Temperature in Skierniewice, Poland, Over the Period 1923–2022

Phenotypic Characteristics, Pathogenicity, and Molecular Identification of Hypomyces perniciosus Causing Wet Bubble Disease of Edible Mushrooms

Effect of the Biostimulants of Microbiological Origin on the Entomopathogenic and Plant Parasitic Nematodes from Miscanthus × Giganteus Plantations

Gibberellic Acid Spray Modulates Fruiting, Yield, Quality, and Shelf Life of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Identification and Validation of New Reference Genes for Normalization of Gene Expression in Flower and Berry Developmental Stages of Interspecific Grape Hybrid V. vinifera (L.) × V. labrusca (L.)

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