<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> In the experiment eight populations of Picea abies were chosen at 100 m intervals between 500 m and 1200 m altitude a.s.l.. In each population wood core samples were collected from 14-19 trees (126 cores total), and measured using a Corim Maxi device. At four of the eight sites (every 200 m in elevation between 500 m and 1100 m a.s.l.), the diversity of ground vegetation was evaluated, and temperature was recorded at every 100 m of altitude. The highest average radial increment of spruce occurred between the altitudes 800-1000 m a.s.l., which is probably the optimum for spruce. The larger increment indices observed at higher altitudes may signify a high growth potential of spruce. It may also suggest a recent upward shift of the optimum growth zone for this tree species. In 15 phytosociological records, the presence of 148 plant species forming plant associations: Dentario glandulosae- Fagetum typicum (sub-mountainous and mountainous form) and Abieti-Piceetum, and community Abies alba-Rubus hirtus, was documented. No relationship was found between ground vegetation species diversity (expressed by Shannon-Wiener index) and levels of stand diversity. The vegetation species diversity varied with the elevation above sea level: the highest plant diversity was found at 500 m a.s.l., and decreased with increasing altitude. The potential increase in air temperatures may result in changes to the altitudinal range of many plant species including trees, and consequently in an upward shift of the boundaries of plant zones; in this case the sub-mountainous and lower mountainous forest zone. In this region, the optimal zone for Norway spruce may be restricted to the highest elevations<bold>.</bold></abstract>

Forest Research Institute, Department of Mountain Forestry, Fredry 39, 30-605 Kraków, Poland

Forest Research Institute, Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland

The growth and biodiversity of spruce stands in variable climate conditions – Radziejowa case study

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The process of forest fragmentation has been observed in many countries, where plant species had adapt to different habitats, such as for example manor parks and rural plantings. A number of scientists have studied the parks as sites where waning environments and landscapes find their shelter. In 2011-2012, research was undertaken on diversity of vegetation in afforestations of parks, rural plantings and oak-hornbeam forests in Sandomierz Basin. In order to compare the means obtained univariate analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used with juxtaposing divided by each of the two criteria: size (the small, and large parks) and conservation(cultivated parks and nonclutivated parks). Tukey’s test was used to examine the significance of differences between respective groups. Analyses were with STATISTICA 9.1. software. Plants classified as forest species, grassland species and those of synanthropic communities were observed in all the afforestations. The parks with high wooded and not mowed areas and oak-hornbeam forests were more forest-like than other types of afforestations studied.</abstract>

Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Department of Environment Protection, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland

Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland

Diversity of flora in the undergrowth of park afforestations, rural plantings and oak-hornbeam forests

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The long-term performance of a structural member is determined by its durability and deformation with time. The bending creep behaviour of modified wood was assessed experimentally over a period of 35 days (840 hours). Four chemical modification processes were used: 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), mmethylated melamine formaldehyde resin (MMF), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and amid wax (WA). Wood stakes with 20.10.200 mm RTL dimensions of Portuguese Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) from sapwood part of the stem were used for evaluated the primary creep. Experiments were conducted at bending stresses amounting to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 of the mean immediate wood bending strength obtained at equilibrium moisture content (EMC). Applying the same stress level (SL, 0.2), wood creep was also determined at the constant low and high moisture content. As results: Between low and medium SL (8 and 16 N/mm2), unmodified wood at indoors conditions did not show any effect in the creep factors (kc). However, at high SL (35 N/mm2) a slight increase (not significant) in the kc was found. It seems that the kc was nearly independent of the SL. In the lumen fill modification (TEOS and wax), the deposited material has not affected the creep behaviour under various SL. The cell wall modification (with DMDHEU and MMF resins) did not show any differences in the kc for low and medium SL (8 and 16 N/mm2). However, resin modification under high SL (35 N/mm2) has shown a significant reduction related to unmodified wood. Between both types of resin (DMDHEU and MMF) and levels of modification (WPG), significant effect was not found. At saturated conditions, lumen fill modification (TEOS and wax) did not show any effect on creep. In the cell wall modification (DMDHEU and MMF resin), significant reduction was recorded due to the embrittlement effect imparted by the modification (deposit of resin in the cell wall).</abstract>

School of Engineering – Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal, phone: +351228340500, fax: +351228321159

Wood Biology and Wood Products, Büsgenweg 4 - 37077, Germany

Bending creep of Maritime pine wood (Pinus pinaster Ait.) chemically modified

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Fire usually causes changes in the composition and diversity of herbaceous species. The present paper aimed to study the effect of repeated fire incidents on understory species diversity in the Saravan forests of Guilan Province located in the north of Iran. To do so, three 50-hectare areas with identical physiographical conditions and overstory (hand-planted softwood Pinus taeda) were selected. Seven fire incidences occurred for the 10-year period in one of the areas and the other area experienced three fire incidents within the same period. The area with no fire incidents was considered as the control area. All the fire incidents were surface ones. The systematic random method with a sample size 100 × 200 m was used for collecting data. Based on the above, 25 samples were determined in each area. The whole coverage of the understory was taken into consideration using Whittaker’s method and the Domain criterion so as to calculate species diversity indices. The results showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity and Menhinick’s richness in the regions which experienced 3 and 7 fire incidents were maximum and minimum, respectively, whereas no significant difference was seen between the regions with regard to Smith and Wilson’s evenness index.</abstract>

University of Guilan, Natural Resources Faculty, Department of Forestry, Somehsara, P. O. Box 1144, Guilan, Iran

University of Guilan, Natural Resources Faculty, Department of Forestry, Somehsara, P. O. Box 1144, Guilan, Iran, phone: +98 1823220895, fax: +98 1823223600

Effect of repeated fire on understory plant species diversity in Saravan forests, northern Iran

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Both linear and aerial elements of forest recreational management should be equipped with recreational facilities which are called “small architecture”. Small architecture is very diverse and serves many different functions, thus it is very important in recreation space. Recreation facilities have to be safe for potential users and offer comfort and relaxation. These conditions can be fulfilled if the construction of facilities is based on anthropometric features of the users. In this paper, there are presented the results of analyses carried out with regard to adaptating technical parameters of selected forest facilities to potential user anthropometry. The study was conducted in Warsaw municipal forests. The analyses were based on analytical formulas, which give appropriate information about the parameters of perfectly designed facilities. Examination of technical condition of the recreation facilities analyzed was also included in the study.</abstract>

Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Utilization, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, phone: +48 22 5938133, fax: +48 22 5938139

Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Utilization, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, phone: +48 22 5938133, fax: +48 22 5938139,

Analysis of adaptation of selected forest recreational facilities to requirements of potential users

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