<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The effect of carbonates on soil structure has not been sufficiently studied yet, despite the fact that in the literature their positive impact is mentioned mostly. Carbonates are the source of bivalent cations in soil solution and may be involved in stabilization of the aggregates, because negatively charged organic materials can be adsorbed onto the surface of clay by bivalent or polyvalent cations. We studied the effect of carbonates and bivalent cations and their relationships with soil organic matter (SOM) from the point of view of aggregate formation. The studies were carried out in several fields located on loamy Calcaric Chernozem, loamy Haplic and Mollic Fluvisols. The results showed that between exchangeable Mg2+ and water-stable macro-aggregates (WSAma) in size fractions >2 mm, positive correlations were found; however, the content of Mg2+ negative correlated with the contents of WSAma in &lt;1 mm fractions as well as with waterstable micro-aggregates (WSAmi). The threshold limit for Mg2+ content for the formation of water-stable macro-aggregates was at 11.5 cmol/kg if all loamy soils were assessed together. A further increase resulted in a lower content of WSAma. If all investigated soils were assessed separately, these results did not enable us to distinguish the maximum formation of WSAma by Mg2+ in individual soils. We observed a positive correlation between the sum of basic exchangeable cations (SBC) as well as between cation exchange capacity (CEC) and larger size fractions of WSAma >2 mm; however, between SBC as well as CEC and smaller size fractions of WSAma >1 mm and WSAmi negative correlations were observed. Statistically significant negative correlations were observed between SOM content in WSA and carbonate content, and this effect was stronger in relation to the labile carbon. There were also positive correlations between SOM in WSA and SBC and CEC found if all loamy soils were assessed together.</abstract>

VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba

Effect of Carbonates and Bivalent Cations and Their Relationships with Soil Organic Matter from the View Point of Aggregate Formation

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The aim of this study was to assess the effects of organicfertilizers (cow manure + dung water; cattle slurry) applied in different annual doses of nitrogen (54, 84 and 120 kg/ha) by different intensities of grassland utilization (extensive – two cuts per year, medium intensive – three cuts per year, intensive – four cuts per year) on percentage of plant functional groups, dry matter yield, and forage quality. The study was performed on small-plot trial over 7 years on moderately moist grassland in the Czech Republic. The proportion of legumes was significantly higher in the treatments fertilized with cow manure + dung-water combined with medium intensive utilization and intensive utilization (10.2% and 10.3%, respectively). Fertilization significantly increased dry matter yields by 51.9% (cow manure + dung water) and 56% (cattle slurry) compared with unfertilized controls (4.81 t/ha). Grasslands fertilized with cattle slurry showed significantly higher concentration of crude protein (142.9 g/kg) compared with unfertilized (126.4 g/kg). Extensive grassland utilization significantly affected the increase of crude fibre concentration (up to 282.1 g/kg), and decrease of the energy value (up to 4.68 MJ g/kg of NEL). Organic matter digestibility was also negatively influenced by extensive grassland utilization (61.0%, 65.42% and 67.44% for the extensive, medium intensive and intensive utilization, respectively). Our findings suggested that medium intensive and intensive grassland utilization by the organic fertilization, which corresponded to annual doses of nitrogen of 84 and 120 kg/ha were the most suitable from the viewpoint of animal nutrition.</abstract>

Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Botanical Composition of Grassland, Herbage Yield and Quality

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism munities from different collecting places was evaluated was used to determine the bacterial diversity in rhizo- by principal component analysis. Results showed that sphere of maize <italic>(Zea mays</italic> L.) collected from four sites the most different bacterial community originated from of experimental field plot in two dates of the vegetation marginal part of the experimental field plot collected in season (July and September). The 16S rRNA gene was September was caused probably by combination of the amplified from metagenomic DNA using universal eubac- marginal effect and drought before sampling date in Sep- terial primers and PCR products were digested separately tember. Other rhizosphere samples showed from moderate with three restriction enzymes. Significant differences in to small differences in the structure of the bacterial com- the number of terminal restriction fragments among rhi- munity. Nevertheless, significant differences among all zosphere samples and between sampling dates were not collected bacterial communities were not observed. detected <italic>(P &lt;</italic> 0.05). Variation within the bacterial communities from different collecting places was evaluated by principal component analysis. Results showed that the most different bacterial community originated from marginal part of the experimental field plot collected in September was caused probably by combination of the marginal effect and drought before sampling date in September. Other rhizosphere samples showed from moderate to small differences in the structure of the bacterial community. Nevertheless, significant differences among all collected bacterial communities were not observed.</abstract>

University SS. Cyril and Methodius, in Trnava

Bacterial Communities in Rhizosphere of Maize Studied by T-RFLP

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The aim of this study is to assess the effect of different soil tillage in the interaction with fertilization and the use of post-harvest residues on yield and protein content in pea seeds, variety Dunaj. The field experiment was established in years 2009–2011 on Experimental Base of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Dolná Malanta. There were evaluated based upon three soil tillage methods (B1 – conventional tillage, B2 – reduced tillage, B3 – minimal tillage) and three treatments of fertilization (0 – unfertilized control, MF – balance fertilization by mineral fertilizers based on soil analysis and planned pea yield (3 t/ha), PHR – balance fertilization by mineral fertilizers + incorporation of post-harvest residues). Significantly higher seed yield was achieved at reduced tillage (3.28 t/ha) than conventional (3.12 t/ha) and minimized tillage (3.08 t/ha); however, most significantly, higher protein content in average of treatments was determined in conventional tillage (23.38%). Most significantly, negative linear correlation (r = −0.948⊕⊕⊕) was determined between the yield and crude protein content in pea seeds. Fertilized treatments reached highly significant higher yields of common pea than unfertilized control. Compared with the control, average yield was higher by 10.3% – 15.1%. Significantly higher crude protein contents by 0.86% (PHR) and 1.27% (MF) were reached on unfertilized treatments than on fertilized one. The highest content of crude protein (24.14%) and the highest production of it per hectare (759 kg/ha) were determined in treatment with post harvest residues ploughed into soil. Over an average of 3 years, the highest profit (163.87 €/ha) and return (30.7%) was achieved from the pea grown using fertilizing treatments (FM and PHR) at minimal soil tillage and systematic use of mineral fertilizers.</abstract>

The Influence of Soil Cultivation and Fertilization on the Yield and Protein Content in Seeds of Common PEA <italic>(Pisum Sativum</italic> L.)

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Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)

Volume 60 (2014): Issue 3 (September 2014)

Effect of Carbonates and Bivalent Cations and Their Relationships with Soil Organic Matter from the View Point of Aggregate Formation

Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Botanical Composition of Grassland, Herbage Yield and Quality

Bacterial Communities in Rhizosphere of Maize Studied by T-RFLP

The Influence of Soil Cultivation and Fertilization on the Yield and Protein Content in Seeds of Common PEA (Pisum Sativum L.)

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