Legionella spp. in Polish hospitals in 2009–2013 and 2014–2016: An epidemiological analysis

[1] Barna Z., Kádár M., Kálmán E., Róka E., Szax A.S., Vargha M.: Legionella prevalence and risk of legionellosis in Hungarian hospitals. Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung., 2015; 62: 477–499 BarnaZ. KádárM. KálmánE. RókaE. SzaxA.S. VarghaM. Legionella prevalence and risk of legionellosis in Hungarian hospitals Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 2015 62 477 499 10.1556/030.62.2015.4.11 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Borella P., Bargellini A., Marchegiano P., Vecchi E., Marchesi I.: Hospital-acquired Legionella infections: An update on the procedures for controlling environmental contamination. Ann. Ig. 2016; 28: 98–108 BorellaP. BargelliniA. MarchegianoP. VecchiE. MarchesiI. Hospital-acquired Legionella infections: An update on the procedures for controlling environmental contamination Ann. Ig. 2016 28 98 108 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Buse H.Y., Hoelle J.M., Muhlen C., Lytle D.A.: Electrophoretic mobility of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14 FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2018; 365: fny067 BuseH.Y. HoelleJ.M. MuhlenC. LytleD.A. Electrophoretic mobility of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14 FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2018 365 fny067 10.1093/femsle/fny067 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Council Directive 98/83/WE of 3 November 1998 r. on the quality of water intended for human consumption Council Directive 98/83/WE of 3 November 1998 r. on the quality of water intended for human consumption Search in Google Scholar

[5] Cunha B.A., Burillo A., Bouza E.: Legionnaires’ disease. Lancet, 2016; 387: 376–385 CunhaB.A. BurilloA. BouzaE. Legionnaires’ disease Lancet 2016 387 376 385 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60078-2 Search in Google Scholar

[6] David S., Afshar B., Mentasti M., Ginevra C., Podglajen I., Harris S.R., Chalker V.J., Jarraud S., Harrison T.G., Parkhill J.: Seeding and establishment of Legionella pneumophila in hospitals: Implications for genomic investigations of nosocomial legionnaires’ disease. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2017; 64: 1251–1259 DavidS. AfsharB. MentastiM. GinevraC. PodglajenI. HarrisS.R. ChalkerV.J. JarraudS. HarrisonT.G. ParkhillJ. Seeding and establishment of Legionella pneumophila in hospitals: Implications for genomic investigations of nosocomial legionnaires’ disease Clin. Infect. Dis. 2017 64 1251 1259 10.1093/cid/cix153539993428203790 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Decree of the Minister of Health of 13 November 2015 regarding the quality of water intended for human consumption. J. Laws, 2015; poz. 1989 (in Polish) Decree of the Minister of Health of 13 November 2015 regarding the quality of water intended for human consumption. J. Laws, 2015; poz. 1989 (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[8] Decree of the Minister of Health of 29 March 2007 regarding the quality of water intended for human consumption. J. Laws, 2007; 61, poz. 417 (in Polish) Decree of the Minister of Health of 29 March 2007 regarding the quality of water intended for human consumption. J. Laws, 2007; 61, poz. 417 (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[9] Decree of the Minister of Health of December 7, 2017 regarding the quality of water intended for human consumption. Ministry of Health. J. Laws, 2017 poz. 2294 (in Polish) Decree of the Minister of Health of December 7, 2017 regarding the quality of water intended for human consumption. Ministry of Health. J. Laws, 2017 poz. 2294 (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[10] European technical guidelines for the prevention, control and investigation of infections caused by Legionella species. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/european-technical-guidelines-prevention-control-and-investigation-infections (12.09.2019) European technical guidelines for the prevention, control and investigation of infections caused by Legionella species https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/european-technical-guidelines-prevention-control-and-investigation-infections (12.09.2019) Search in Google Scholar

[11] Gładysz I., Kozioł-Montewka M., Sikora A., Wójtowicz-Bobin M., Karczewski J.: Prevalence of Legionella spp. in hot water samples from Polish hospitals in 2009–2013. Postępy Hig. Med. Dośw., 2019; 73: 47–52 GładyszI. Kozioł-MontewkaM. SikoraA. Wójtowicz-BobinM. KarczewskiJ. Prevalence of Legionella spp. in hot water samples from Polish hospitals in 2009–2013 Postępy Hig. Med. Dośw. 2019 73 47 52 10.5604/01.3001.0013.0172 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Khweek A.A., Amer A.O.: Factors mediating environmental biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 2018; 8: 38 KhweekA.A. AmerA.O. Factors mediating environmental biofilm formation by Legionella pneumophila Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2018 8 38 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00038583513829535972 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Kyritsi M.A., Mouchtouri V.A., Katsiafliaka A., Kolokythopoulou F., Plakokefalos E., Nakoulas V., Rachiotis G., Hadjichristodoulou C.: Clusters of healthcare-associated legionnaires’ disease in two hospitals of central Greece. Case Rep. Infect. Dis., 2018; 2018: 2570758 KyritsiM.A. MouchtouriV.A. KatsiafliakaA. KolokythopoulouF. PlakokefalosE. NakoulasV. RachiotisG. HadjichristodoulouC. Clusters of healthcare-associated legionnaires’ disease in two hospitals of central Greece Case Rep. Infect. Dis. 2018 2018 2570758 10.1155/2018/2570758611423230186646 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Laganà P., Facciolà A., Palermo R., Delia S.: Environmental surveillance of legionellosis within an Italian University Hospital – results of 15 years of analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2019, 16, 1103 LaganàP. FacciolàA. PalermoR. DeliaS. Environmental surveillance of legionellosis within an Italian University Hospital – results of 15 years of analysis Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 16 1103 10.3390/ijerph16071103648011330925660 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/legionella/en/ (25.06.2020) Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/legionella/en/ (25.06.2020) Search in Google Scholar

[16] Orsi G.B., Vitali M., Marinelli L., Ciorba C., Tufi D., Del Cimmuto A., Ursillo P., Fabiani M., De Santis S., Protano C., Marzuillo C., De Giusti M.: Legionella control in the water system of antiquated hospital buildings by shock and continuous hyperchlorination: 5 years experience. BMC Infect. Dis., 2014; 14: 394 OrsiG.B. VitaliM. MarinelliL. CiorbaC. TufiD. Del CimmutoA. UrsilloP. FabianiM. De SantisS. ProtanoC. MarzuilloC. De GiustiM. Legionella control in the water system of antiquated hospital buildings by shock and continuous hyperchlorination: 5 years experience BMC Infect. Dis. 2014 14 394 10.1186/1471-2334-14-394422358025027499 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Polish standard: PN-EN ISO 11731-2:2008 „Water quality – Detection and enumeration of Legionella – Part 2. Part Direct membrane filtration for waters with low bacterial counts” Polish standard PN-EN ISO 11731-2:2008 „Water quality – Detection and enumeration of Legionella – Part 2. Part Direct membrane filtration for waters with low bacterial counts” Search in Google Scholar

[18] Polish standard: PN-EN ISO 19458:2007 „Jakość wody. Pobieranie próbek do analiz mikrobiologicznych” (in Polish) Polish standard PN-EN ISO 19458:2007 „Jakość wody. Pobieranie próbek do analiz mikrobiologicznych” (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[19] Polish standard: PN-ISO 11731:2002 „Water quality – Detection and enumeration of Legionella” (in Polish) Polish standard PN-ISO 11731:2002 „Water quality – Detection and enumeration of Legionella” (in Polish) Search in Google Scholar

[20] Principe L., Tomao P., Visca P.: Legionellosis in the occupational setting. Environ. Res., 2017; 152: 485–495 PrincipeL. TomaoP. ViscaP. Legionellosis in the occupational setting Environ. Res. 2017 152 485 495 10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.01827717486 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Sabrià M., Yu V.L.: Hospital-acquired legionellosis: Solutions for a preventable infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2002; 2: 368–373 SabriàM. YuV.L. Hospital-acquired legionellosis: Solutions for a preventable infection Lancet Infect. Dis. 2002 2 368 373 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00291-8 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Sikora A., Wójtowicz-Bobin M., Kozioł-Montewka M., Magryś A., Gładysz I.: Prevalence of Legionella pneumophila in water distribution systems in hospitals and public buildings of the Lublin region of eastern Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 2015; 22: 195–201 SikoraA. Wójtowicz-BobinM. Kozioł-MontewkaM. MagryśA. GładyszI. Prevalence of Legionella pneumophila in water distribution systems in hospitals and public buildings of the Lublin region of eastern Poland Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2015 22 195 201 10.5604/12321966.115206426094507 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2013. Central Statistical Office 2013, 268–269. https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbook-of-the-republic-of-poland-2013,2,8.html (12.09.2019) Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2013 Central Statistical Office 2013 268 269 https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbook-of-the-republic-of-poland-2013,2,8.html (12.09.2019) Search in Google Scholar

[24] Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2016. Central Statistical Office 2016, 368–394. https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbook-of-the-republic-of-poland-2016,2,16.html (12.09.2019) Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2016 Central Statistical Office 2016 368 394 https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbook-of-the-republic-of-poland-2016,2,16.html (12.09.2019) Search in Google Scholar

[25] Stypułkowska-Misiurewicz H., Czerwiński M.: Legionellosis in Poland in 2017. Przegl. Epidemiol., 2019; 73: 151–155 Stypułkowska-MisiurewiczH. CzerwińskiM. Legionellosis in Poland in 2017 Przegl. Epidemiol. 2019 73 151 155 10.32394/pe.73.2631385671 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Tai J., Benchekroun M.N., Mekkour M., Ennaji M.M., Nader H., Cohen N.: Investigation of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems in Morocco. Int. J. Sci. Technol., 2012; 1: 524–530 TaiJ. BenchekrounM.N. MekkourM. EnnajiM.M. NaderH. CohenN. Investigation of Legionella pneumophila in hot water systems in Morocco Int. J. Sci. Technol. 2012 1 524 530 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Yu P.Y., Lin Y.E., Lin W.R., Shih H.Y., Chuang Y.C., Ben R.J., Huang W.K., Chen Y.S., Liu Y.C., Chang F.Y., Yen M.Y., Liu C.C., Ko W.C., Lin H.H., Shi Z.Y.: The high prevalence of Legionella pneumophila contamination in hospital potable water systems in Taiwan: Implications for hospital infection control in Asia. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2008; 12: 416–420 YuP.Y. LinY.E. LinW.R. ShihH.Y. ChuangY.C. BenR.J. HuangW.K. ChenY.S. LiuY.C. ChangF.Y. YenM.Y. LiuC.C. KoW.C. LinH.H. ShiZ.Y. The high prevalence of Legionella pneumophila contamination in hospital potable water systems in Taiwan: Implications for hospital infection control in Asia Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2008 12 416 420 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.11.00818243750 Search in Google Scholar