Ecotoxicological aspects of the use of parabens in the production of cosmetics

[1] Bardiès-Fronty I., Bimbenet-Privat M., Walter P., Le bain et le miroir. Soins du corps et cosmétiques de l’Antiquité á la Renaissance, Gallimard, Paris 2009.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Leblanc C., Shimy M.A.H., Goyon J.-C., Parfums, onguents et cosmétiques dans l’Égypte ancienne: actes des rencontres pluri disciplinaires tenues au Conseil National de la Culture, Le Caire, 27–29 avril 2002, Centre français de culture et de coopération du Caire, Cairo 2003.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Walter P. et all, Making make-up in Ancient Egypt, Nature 397/1999, 483.10.1038/17240Search in Google Scholar

[4] Diamandopoulos A., Kolonas L., Grapsa-Kotrosou M., Use of lead cosmetics in Bronze-Age Greece, Lancet 344/1994, 754.10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92244-6Search in Google Scholar

[5] Stos-Gale Z.A., Gale N.H., Sources of galena, lead and silver in Predynastic Egypt, Rev. d’Archéométrie 5/1981, 285.10.3406/arsci.1981.1158Search in Google Scholar

[6] Lucas A., Cosmetics, perfumes and incense in ancient Egypt, J. Egypt Archaeol. 16/1930, 41.10.2307/3854332Search in Google Scholar

[7] Welcomme E., Walter P., van Elslande E., Tsoucaris G., Investigation of white pigments used as make-up during the Greco-Romans period, Appl. Phys. A83/2006, 551.10.1007/s00339-006-3559-3Search in Google Scholar

[8] Pawlik K., Duda-Grychtoł K., Niebezpieczne kosmetyki – prawda czy fałszywy pogląd, Pol. J. Cosmet. 16(3)/2013, 200.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Cashman A.L., Warshaw E. M., Parabens: a review of epidemiology, structure, allergenicity, and hormonal properties, Dermatitis. 16/2005, 57.10.1097/01206501-200506000-00001Search in Google Scholar

[10] Song C., Lin J., Huang X., Wu Y., Liu J., Wu C., Effect of butyl paraben on the development and microbial composition of periphyton, Ecotoxicology 25 (2)/2016, 342.10.1007/s10646-015-1592-8Search in Google Scholar

[11] Soni M.G., Taylor S.L., Greenberg N.A., Burdock G.A., Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature, Food and Chemical Toxicology 40/2002, 1335.10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2Search in Google Scholar

[12] Bojarowicz H., Wnuk M., Buciński A., Efektywność i bezpieczeństwo stosowania parabenów, Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii 93/2012, 647.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Świerkot J., Duda-Grychtoł K., Klasik-Ciszewska S., Parabeny jako przykład niebezpiecznych konserwantów, Med. Rodz. 20 (3)/2017, 222.10.25121/MR.2017.20.3.222Search in Google Scholar

[14] Kimura K., Kameda Y., Yamamoto H., Nakada N., Tamura I., Miyazaki M., Masunaga S., Occurrence of preservatives and antimicrobials in Japanese rivers, Chemosphere 107/2014, 393.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.00824556546Search in Google Scholar

[15] Siegert W., Microbiological quality management for the production of cosmetics and toiletries, Cosmetic Science Technology 189/2005.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Cross S.E., Roberts M.S., The effect of occlusion on epidermal penetration of parabens from a commercial allergy test ointment, acetone and ethanol vehicles, J Invest Dermatol 115/2000, 914.10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00151.xSearch in Google Scholar

[17] COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1004/2014 of 18 September 2014 amending Annex V to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products.Search in Google Scholar

[18] COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 344/2013 of 4 April 2013 amending Annexes II, III, V and VI to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Golden R., Gandy J., Vollmer G., A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 35/2005, 435.10.1080/10408440490920104Search in Google Scholar

[20] Haman C., Dauchy X., Rosin C., Munoz J-F., Occurrence, fate and behavior of parabens in aquatic environments: A review, Water Research 68/2015, 1.10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.030Search in Google Scholar

[21] Błędzka D., Gromadzińska J., Wąsowicz W., Parabens. From environmental studies to human health, Environ. Int. 67/2014, 27.10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.007Search in Google Scholar

[22] Roden K., Preservatives in personal care products, Microbiology Australia 9/2010, 195.10.1071/MA10195Search in Google Scholar

[23] Doron S., Friedman M., Falach M., Sadovnic E., Zvia H., Antibacterial effect of parabens against planktonic and biofilm Streptococcus sobrinus, Int J Antimicrob Agents 18/2001, 575.10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00436-8Search in Google Scholar

[24] Johnson T.A., Sims G.K., Ellsworth T.R., Ballance A.R., Effects of moisture and sorption on bioavailability of p-hydroxybenzoic acid to Arthrobacter sp. in soil, Microbiol Resources 153/1999, 349.10.1016/S0944-5013(99)80049-4Search in Google Scholar

[25] Terasaki M., Makino M., Tatarazako N., Acute toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by-products with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri bioassays, J Appl Toxicol 29(3)/2009, 242.10.1002/jat.140219089854Search in Google Scholar

[26] Alexiades-Armenakas M., Parabens toxicity to skin and other organs, J Drugs Dermatol 7 (1)/2008, 77.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Bojarowicz H., Wojciechowska M., Gocki J., Substancje konserwujące stosowane w kosmetykach oraz ich działania niepożądane, Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii 89/2008, 30.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Dhanirama D., Gronow J., Voulvoulis N., Cosmetics as a potential source of environmental contamination in the UK, Environ. Technol. 33(14)/2012, 1597.10.1080/09593330.2011.64035322988620Search in Google Scholar

[29] Pedersen S., Marra F., Nicoli S., Santi P., In vitro skin permeation and retention of parabens from cosmetic formulations, Int J Cosm. Sci. 29/2007, 361.10.1111/j.1468-2494.2007.00388.x18489369Search in Google Scholar

[30] Soni M.G., Burdock G.A., Taylor S.L., Greenberg N.A., Safety assessment of propyl paraben: a review of the published literature, Food Chem. Toxicol. 39/2001, 513.10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00162-9Search in Google Scholar

[31] Rudel R.A., Perovich L.J., Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air, Atmos. Environ. 43/2009, 170.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.025Search in Google Scholar

[32] Sánchez-Quiles D., Tovar-Sánchez A., Are sunscreens a new environmental risk associated with coastal tourism?, Environ. Int. 83/2015, 158.10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.007Search in Google Scholar

[33] SCCP/1348/10, Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, OPINION ON Parabens, COLIPA n° P82, Revision 22 March 2011.Search in Google Scholar

[34] CIR – Safety Assessment of Parabens as Used in Cosmetics, Report for Panel Review, February 23, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Polish Union of Cosmetics Industry response to the public consultation on the draft Commission Regulation (EU) No 1223/2009 amending Annexes II, III and V to Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products.Search in Google Scholar

[36] FDA (CFR) CITE: 21 CFR 184.1490, Chapter I – Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services, Subchapter B – Food for Human Consumption, Part 184 – Direct Food Substances Affirmed as Generally Recognized as SAFE, Subpart B – Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS, Sec. 1840. 1490 Methylparaben. Title 21, Volume 31, April 1, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[37] Okubo T., Yokoyama Y., Kano K., Kano I., ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERalpha and PR, Food Chem. Toxicol. 39/2001, 1225.10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00073-4Search in Google Scholar

[38] Darbre P.D., Environmental oestrogens, cosmetics and breast cancer, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 20/2006, 121.10.1016/j.beem.2005.09.00716522524Search in Google Scholar

[39] Darbre P., Harvey P., Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks, J Appl Toxicol 28/2008, 561.10.1002/jat.135818484575Search in Google Scholar

[40] Darbre P., Charles A.K., Environmental Oestrogens and Breast Cancer: Evidence for Combined Involvement of Dietary, Household and Cosmetic Xenoestrogens, Anticancer Res. 30/2010, 815.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Calafat A., Weuve J., Ye X., Hauser R., Exposure to Bisphenol A and Other Phenols in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Premature Infants, Environ. Health Perspect. 117/2009, 639.10.1289/ehp.0800265267961019440505Search in Google Scholar

[42] Calafat A., Ye X., Wong L.Y., Bishop A.M., Needham L.L., Urinary Concentrations of Four Parabens in the US Population: NHANES 2005–2006, Environ. Health Perspect. 118/2010, 679.10.1289/ehp.0901560286668520056562Search in Google Scholar

[43] Brausch J.M., Rand G.M., A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity, Chemosphere 82/2011, 1518.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.01821185057Search in Google Scholar

[44] Carballa M., Omil F., Lema J.M., Lompart M., García-Jares C., Rodríguez I., Gómez M., Ternes T., Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant, Water Res. 38/2004, 2918.10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.02915223286Search in Google Scholar

[45] Chunyang L., Sunggyu L., Hyo-Bang M., Yamashita N., Kannan K., Parabens in Sediment and Sewage Sludge from the United States, Japan, and Korea: Spatial Distribution and Temporal Trends, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47(19)/2013, 10895.10.1021/es402574k23985041Search in Google Scholar

[46] Díaz-Cruz M.S., García-Galán M.J., Guerra P., Jelic A., Postigo C., Eljarrat E., Farré M., López de Alda M.J., Petrovic M., Barceló D., Analysis of selected emerging contaminants in sewage sludge, Trends Anal. Chem. 28/2009, 1263.10.1016/j.trac.2009.09.003Search in Google Scholar

[47] Zgoła-Grześkowiak A., Jeszka-Skowron M., Czarczyńska-Goślińska B., Grześkowiak T., Determination of parabens in Polish river and lake water as a function of season, Analytical Letters 49 (11)/2016, 1734.10.1080/00032719.2015.1120739Search in Google Scholar

[48] Jiang J.-J., Lee C.-L., Fang M.-D., Emerging organic contaminants in coastal waters: anthropogenic impact, environmental release and ecological risk, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 85/2014, 391.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.04524439316Search in Google Scholar

[49] Kolpin D.W., Skopec M., Meyer M.T., Furlong E.T., Zaugg S.D., Urban contamination of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions, Sci. Total Environ. 328/2004, 119.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.01515207578Search in Google Scholar

[50] Kucińska M., Murias M., Kosmetyki jako źródło narażenia na ksenoestrogeny, Prz. Lek. 70 (8)/2013, 647.Search in Google Scholar

[51] Ternes T.A., Joss A., Siegrist H., Scrutinizing pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38/2004, 392.10.1021/es040639t15543724Search in Google Scholar

[52] Ferreira A.M., Möder M., Laespada M.E., Stir bar sorptive extraction of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan from soil, sediment and sludge with in situ derivatization and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. 1218/2011, 3837.Search in Google Scholar

[53] Zhang X., Fate and Transport of Fragrance Materials in Principal Environmental Sinks, Chemosphere 93 (6)/2013, 857.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.05523786813Search in Google Scholar

[54] Tarasaki M., Makino M., Determination of chlorinated by-products of parabens in swimming pool water, Inter. J. Environ. Anal. Chemistry 88 (13)/2008, 911.10.1080/03067310802272663Search in Google Scholar

[55] Yamamoto H., Watanabe M., Hirata Y., Nakamura Y., Nakamura Y., Kitani C., Sekizawa J., Uchida M., Nakamura H., Kagami Y., Koshio M., Hirai N., Tatarazako N., Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment of Butylparaben and Benzylparaben-1. Removal Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment, Acute/Chronic Toxicity for Aquatic Organisms, and Effects on Medaka Gene Expression, Environmental Sciences 14/2007a, 73.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Yamamoto H., Watanabe M., Katsuki S., Nakamura Y., Moriguchi S., Nakamura Y., Sekizawa J., Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment of Butylparaben and Benzylparaben-2. Fate and Partitioning in Aquatic Environments, Environmental Sciences 14/2007, 97.Search in Google Scholar

[57] Tay K.S., Rahman N.A., Abas M.R.B., Ozonation of parabens in aqueous solution: Kinetics and mechanism of degradation, Chemosphere 81/2010, 1446.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.00420875662Search in Google Scholar

[58] Valkova N., Lépine F., Valeanu L., Dupont M., Labrie L., Bisaillon J.-G., Beaudet R., Shareck F., Villemur R., Hydrolysis of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Esters (Parabens) and Their Aerobic Transformation into Phenol by the Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Strain EM, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (6)/2001, 2404.10.1128/AEM.67.6.2404-2409.20019288811375144Search in Google Scholar

[59] NICNAS. Inventory Multi-tiered Assessment and Prioritisation (IMAP) Framework. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney, Australia. 2013.Search in Google Scholar

[60] NICNAS. IMAP Human Health Tier I Assessment for Parabens. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney, Australia. 2016.Search in Google Scholar

[61] NICNAS. IMAP Human Health Tier II Assessment for Parabens. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney, Australia. 2017.Search in Google Scholar

[62] Canosa P., Rodríguez I., Rubí E., Negreira N., Cela R., Formation of halogenated by-products of parabens in chlorinated water, Anal. Chim. Acta 575 (1)/2006, 106.10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.06817723578Search in Google Scholar

[63] González-Mariño I., Quintana J.B., Rodriguez I., Cela A.R., Simultaneous determination of parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in water by liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 23/2009, 1756.10.1002/rcm.406919437429Search in Google Scholar

[64] González-Mariño I., Quintana J.B., Rodríguez I., Cela A.R., Evaluation of the occurrence and biodegradation of parabens and halogenated by-products in wastewater by accurate-mass liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), Water Res. 45 (20)/2011, 6770.10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.02722060963Search in Google Scholar

[65] Nelly V., Francois L., Loredana V., Maryse D., Louisette L., Jean-Guy B., Rejean B., Francois S., Richard V., Hydrolysis of 4- Hydroxybenzoic Acid Esters (Parabens) and Their Aerobic Transformation into Phenol by the Resistant Enterobacter cloacae Strain EM, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67/2001, 2404.10.1128/AEM.67.6.2404-2409.20019288811375144Search in Google Scholar

[66] Gao Y., Ji Y., Li G., An T., Theoretical investigation on the kinetics and mechanisms of hydroxyl radical-induced transformation of parabens and its consequences for toxicity: Influence of alkyl-chain length, Water Res. 91/2016, 77.10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.05626773489Search in Google Scholar

[67] Bjerregaard P., Andersen D., Pedersen K., Pedersen S., Korsgaard B., Estrogenic effect of propylparaben (propylhydroxybenzoate) in rainbow trout Onchorhunchus mykiss after exposure via food and water, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 136 (4)/2003, 309.10.1016/j.cca.2003.10.00415012902Search in Google Scholar

[68] Alslev B., Korsgaard B., Bjerregaard P., Estrogenicity of butylparaben in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed via food and water, Aquat Toxicol 72 (4)/2005, 295.10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.00515848249Search in Google Scholar

[69] Xue J., Sasaki N., Elangovan M., Diamond G., Kannan K., Elevated Accumulation of Parabens and their Metabolites in Marine Mammals from the United States Coastal Waters, Environ. Sci. Technol 49 (20)/2015, 12071.10.1021/acs.est.5b0360126379094Search in Google Scholar

[70] Xue J., Kannan K., Accumulation profiles of parabens and their metabolites in fish, black bear, and birds, including bald eagles and albatrosses, Environ. Int. 94/2016, 546.10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.01527329692Search in Google Scholar

[71] Xue X., Xue J., Liu W., Adams D.H., Kannan K., Trophic Magnification of Parabens and Their Metabolites in a Subtropical Marine Food Web, Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 (2)/2017, 780.10.1021/acs.est.6b0550127959523Search in Google Scholar

[72] Evans W.A., Davies P.J., Mcrae C., The occurrence of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens in the urban rivers and stormwaters of Sydney, Australia, Environ. Sci-Wat. Res. 2 (4)/2016, 733.10.1039/C5EW00240KSearch in Google Scholar

[73] Vos J.G., Dybing E., Greim H.A., Ladefoged O., Lambre C., Tarazona J.V., Brandt I., Vethaak A.D., Health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation, Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 30 (1)/2000, 71.10.1080/1040844009115917610680769Search in Google Scholar

[74] Guo Y., Kannan K., A Survey of Phthalates and Parabens in Personal Care Products from the United States and Its Implications for Human Exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47/2013, 14442.10.1021/es404203424261694Search in Google Scholar

[75] Yamamoto H., Tamura I., Hirata T., Kato J., Kagota K., Katsuki S., Yamamoto A., Kagami Y., Tatarazako N., Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual and additive approach, Sci. Total Environ. 410–411/2011, 102.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.04022051549Search in Google Scholar

[76] Li W., Gao L., Shi Y., Wang Y., Liu J., Cai Y., Spatial distribution, temporal variation and risks of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in urban surface water in Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ. 539/2016, 262.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.15026363399Search in Google Scholar

[77] Wang W., Kannan K., Fate of Parabens and Their Metabolites in Two Wastewater Treatment Plants in New York State, United States, Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (3)/2016, 1174.10.1021/acs.est.5b0551626727649Search in Google Scholar

[78] Li W., Shi Y., Gao L., Liu J., Cai Y., Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant, J. Hazard. Mater. 300/2015, 29.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.06026151382Search in Google Scholar

[79] Li W., Shi Y., Gao L., Liu J., Cai Y., Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 22 (22)/2015, 17987.10.1007/s11356-015-5050-126169824Search in Google Scholar

[80] Liu J.-L., Wong M.-H., Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A review on environment al contamination in China, Environ. Int. 59/2013, 208.10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.01223838081Search in Google Scholar

[81] Terasaki M., Takemura Y., Makino M., Paraben-chlorinated derivatives in river waters, Environ. Chem. Lett. 10 (4)/2012, 401.10.1007/s10311-012-0367-1Search in Google Scholar

[82] Jonkers N., Kohler H.-P.E., Dammshäuser A., Giger W., Mass flows of endocrine disruptors in the Glatt River during varying weather conditions, Environ. Pollut. 157/2009, 714.10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.02919117654Search in Google Scholar

[83] Kamaya Y., Fukaya Y., Suzuki K., Acute toxicity of benzoic acids to the crustacean Daphnia magna, Chemosphere 59/2005, 255.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.00315722097Search in Google Scholar

[84] Dobbins L.L., Usenki S., Brian R., Brooks B.W., Probabilistic Ecological Hazard Assessment of Parabens using Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28 (12)/2009, 2744.10.1897/08-523.119653701Search in Google Scholar

[85] Madsen T., Boyd H.B., Nylén D., Pedersen A.R., Petersen G.I. Simonsen F., Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen 2001.Search in Google Scholar

[86] Terasaki M., Kamata R., Shiraishi F.,Makino M., Evaluation of estrogenic activity of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives by using the yeast two-hybrid assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 28 (1)/2009, 204.10.1897/08-225.118717622Search in Google Scholar

[87] Terasaki M., Abe R., Makino M., Tatarazako N., Chronic toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by-products in Ceriodaphnia dubia, Environ. Toxicol. 30 (6)/2015, 664.10.1002/tox.2194424376163Search in Google Scholar

[88] Pedersen K.L., Pedersen S.N., Christiansen L.B., Korsgaard B., Bjerregaard P., The Preservatives Ethyl-, Propyl- and Butylparaben are Oestrogenic in an in vivo Fish Assay, Pharmacol. Toxicol. 86/2000, 110.10.1034/j.1600-0773.2000.d01-20.x10752667Search in Google Scholar

[89] Aziza I.H.H., Ingrid B., Khémary U., Aghleb B., Gonzalez C., Estrogenic activity and parabens occurrence in three Tunisian wastewater treatment plants, Eur. J. Water Qual. 42/2011, 91.10.1051/wqual/2012002Search in Google Scholar

[90] Orlando E.F., Guillette L.J. Jr, Sexual dimorphic responses in wildlife exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals, Environ. Res. 104/2007, 163.10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.00216890221Search in Google Scholar

[91] Barr L., Metaxas G., Harbach C.A., Savoy L.A., Darbre P.D., Measurement of paraben concentrations in human breast tissue at serial locations across the breast from axilla to sternum, J. Appl. Toxicol. 32/2012, 465.10.1002/jat.178622237600Search in Google Scholar

[92] Bayülken D.G., Tüylü B.A., Sinan H., Sivas H., Investigation of genotoxic effects of paraben in cultured human lymphocytes, Drug Chem Toxicol 1/2017, 34.Search in Google Scholar

[93] Kawaguchi M., Irie K., Morohoshi K., Watanabe G., Taya K., Morita M., Kondo Y., Imai H., Himi T., Maternal isobutyl-paraben exposure alters anxiety and passive avoidance test performance in adult male rats, Neurosci. Res. 65/2009, 136.10.1016/j.neures.2009.06.01119560493Search in Google Scholar

[94] Kawaguchi M., Morohoshi K., Masuda J., Watanabe G., Morita M., Imai H., Taya K., Himi T., Maternal Isobutyl-Paraben Exposure decreases the Plasma Corticosterone Level in Dams and Sensitivity to Estrogen in Female Offspring Rats, J Vet Med Sci 71/2009, 1027.10.1292/jvms.71.1027Search in Google Scholar

[95] Kawaguchi M., Morohoshi K., Imai H., Morita M., Kato N., Himi T., Maternal Exposure to Isobutyl-Paraben Impairs Social Recognition in Adult Female Rats, Exp. Anim. 59/2010, 631.10.1538/expanim.59.631Search in Google Scholar

[96] Oishi S., Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in rats, Toxicol Ind Health 17/2001, 31.10.1191/0748233701th093oaSearch in Google Scholar

[97] Oishi S., Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system, Food Chem. Toxicol. 40/2002, 1807.10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00204-1Search in Google Scholar

[98] Oishi S., Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice, Arch Toxicol. 76 (7)/2002, 423.10.1007/s00204-002-0360-812111007Search in Google Scholar

[99] Oishi S., Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol. 42 (11)/2004, 1845.10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.01515350682Search in Google Scholar

[100] Bazin I., Gadal A., Touraud E., Roig B., Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) in the Environment: Data for Environmental Toxicity Assessment, Environ. Pollut. 16/2010, 24.10.1007/978-90-481-3509-7_14Search in Google Scholar

[101] Beck I.C., Bruhn R., Gandrass J., Analysis of estrogenic activity in coastal surface waters of the Baltic Sea using the yeast estrogen screen, Chemosphere 63/2006, 1870.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.02216330072Search in Google Scholar

[102] Harvey P.W., Darbre P., Endocrine disrupters and human health: Could oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics adversely affect breast cancer incidence in women? A review of evidence and call for further research, J Appl Toxicol 24/2004, 167.10.1002/jat.97815211609Search in Google Scholar

[103] Meekerj D., Yang T., Ye X., Calafat A.M., Hauser R., Urinary Concentrations of Parabens and Serum Hormone Levels, Semen Quality Parameters, and Sperm DNA Damage, Environ. Health Perspect. 119/2011, 252.10.1289/ehp.1002238304061420876036Search in Google Scholar

[104] Nakagawa Y., Moldéus P., Mechanism of p-Hydroxybenzoate Ester-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cytotoxicity in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes, Biochem. Pharmacol. 55/1998, 1907.10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00097-5Search in Google Scholar

[105] Aalto T.R., Firman M.C., Rigler N.E., p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters as preservatives, J.Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. 42/1953, 449.10.1002/jps.3030420802Search in Google Scholar

[106] Journal of The American College of Toxicology, Vol. 3, No. 5, 1984, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

[107] Rajendiran Karthikraj, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Human Biomonitoring of Select Ingredients in Cosmetics, [in:] Amparo Salvador, Alberto Chisvert (eds.), Analysis of Cosmetic Products, 2nd Edition, Chapter: 15, Elsevier, 387–434.10.1016/B978-0-444-63508-2.00015-1Search in Google Scholar