The Pathogen Isolates in Chronic Wound Infections in Poland

Abdu AB, Egbagba J, Fente BG. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infections in a tertiary hospital, Bayelsa, South southern, Nigeria. Trop J Pathol Microbiol. 2019 Dec;5(12):966–975. https://doi.org/10.17511/jopm.2019.i12.01 Abdu AB Egbagba J Fente BG . Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacterial pathogens isolated from wound infections in a tertiary hospital, Bayelsa, South southern, Nigeria . Trop J Pathol Microbiol. 2019 Dec ; 5 ( 12 ): 966 – 975 . https://doi.org/10.17511/jopm.2019.i12.01 Search in Google Scholar

Bowler PG, Davies BJ. The microbiology of infected and noninfected leg ulcers. Int J Dermatol. 1999 Aug;38(8):573–578. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00738.x Bowler PG Davies BJ . The microbiology of infected and noninfected leg ulcers . Int J Dermatol. 1999 Aug ; 38 ( 8 ): 573 – 578 . https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00738.x Search in Google Scholar

Demuyser T, De Geyter D, Van Dorpe D, Vandoorslaer K, Wybo I. Extensive evaluation of fastidious anaerobic bacteria recovery from the Copan eSwab^® transport system. J Microbiol Methods. 2018 Jan; 144:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2017.11.009 Demuyser T De Geyter D Van Dorpe D Vandoorslaer K Wybo I . Extensive evaluation of fastidious anaerobic bacteria recovery from the Copan eSwab^® transport system . J Microbiol Methods. 2018 Jan ; 144 : 73 – 78 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2017.11.009 Search in Google Scholar

EUCAST. EUCAST guideline for the detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance. Version 2.0. Basel (Switzerland): The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 2017 [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from https://www.eucast.org/resistance_mechanisms/ EUCAST . EUCAST guideline for the detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance. Version 2.0 . Basel (Switzerland) : The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ; 2017 [cited 2021 Jan 29]. Available from https://www.eucast.org/resistance_mechanisms/ Search in Google Scholar

EWMA. Hard-to-heal wounds: a holistic approach. European Wound Management Association (EWMA). London (UK): MEP Ltd.; 2008 [cited 2023 Jan 02]. Available from https://ewma.conference2web.com/#resources/215693 EWMA . Hard-to-heal wounds: a holistic approach. European Wound Management Association (EWMA) . London (UK) : MEP Ltd. ; 2008 [cited 2023 Jan 02]. Available from https://ewma.conference2web.com/#resources/215693 Search in Google Scholar

García HAL, Febles SRJ, García OY, Moliner MC. [Cultivo mediante hisopado superficial versus cultivo de la biopsia de tejidos profundos en la infección del pie diabético] (in Spanish). Rev Méd Electrón. 2020;42(5). García HAL Febles SRJ García OY Moliner MC . [Cultivo mediante hisopado superficial versus cultivo de la biopsia de tejidos profundos en la infección del pie diabético] (in Spanish) . Rev Méd Electrón . 2020 ; 42 ( 5 ). Search in Google Scholar

Gitajn IL, Heng M, Weaver MJ, Ehrlichman LK, Harris MB. Culture-negative infection after operative fixation of fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Oct;30(10):538–544. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000000618 Gitajn IL Heng M Weaver MJ Ehrlichman LK Harris MB . Culture-negative infection after operative fixation of fractures . J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Oct ; 30 ( 10 ): 538 – 544 . https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000000618 Search in Google Scholar

Graves N, Phillips CJ, Harding K. A narrative review of the epidemiology and economics of chronic wounds. Br J Dermatol. 2022 Aug; 187(2):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.20692 Graves N Phillips CJ Harding K . A narrative review of the epidemiology and economics of chronic wounds . Br J Dermatol. 2022 Aug ; 187 ( 2 ): 141 – 148 . https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.20692 Search in Google Scholar

Han A, Zenilman JM, Melendez JH, Shirtliff ME, Agostinho A, James G, Stewart PS, Mongodin EF, Rao D, Rickard AH, et al. The importance of a multifaceted approach to characterizing the microbial flora of chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2011 Sep–Oct;19(5):532–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2011.00720.x Han A Zenilman JM Melendez JH Shirtliff ME Agostinho A James G Stewart PS Mongodin EF Rao D Rickard AH . The importance of a multifaceted approach to characterizing the microbial flora of chronic wounds . Wound Repair Regen. 2011 Sep–Oct ; 19 ( 5 ): 532 – 541 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2011.00720.x Search in Google Scholar

Heyer K, Herberger K, Protz K, Glaeske G, Augustin M. Epidemiology of chronic wounds in Germany: analysis of statutory health insurance data. Wound Repair Regen. 2016 Mar;24(2):434–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12387 Heyer K Herberger K Protz K Glaeske G Augustin M . Epidemiology of chronic wounds in Germany: analysis of statutory health insurance data . Wound Repair Regen. 2016 Mar ; 24 ( 2 ): 434 – 442 . https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12387 Search in Google Scholar

Howell-Jones RS, Wilson MJ, Hill KE, Howard AJ, Price PE, Thomas DW. A review of the microbiology, antibiotic usage and resistance in chronic skin wounds. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Feb; 55(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh513 Howell-Jones RS Wilson MJ Hill KE Howard AJ Price PE Thomas DW . A review of the microbiology, antibiotic usage and resistance in chronic skin wounds . J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Feb ; 55 ( 2 ): 143 – 149 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh513 Search in Google Scholar

Hryniewicz W, Kulig J, Ozorowski T, Mól A, Kulig P, Wąchol D. [Stosowanie antybiotyków w wybranych zakażeniach skóry i tkanek miękkich] (in Polish). Warsaw (Poland): Narodowy Instytut Leków; 2012. [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from http://antybiotyki.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/Rekomendacje/rekomendacje-stosowanie-ant-w-wybranych-zak-skory.pdf Hryniewicz W Kulig J Ozorowski T Mól A Kulig P Wąchol D . [Stosowanie antybiotyków w wybranych zakażeniach skóry i tkanek miękkich] (in Polish) . Warsaw (Poland) : Narodowy Instytut Leków ; 2012 . [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from http://antybiotyki.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/Rekomendacje/rekomendacje-stosowanie-ant-w-wybranych-zak-skory.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Hudspeth MK, Citron DM, Goldstein EJ. Evaluation of a novel specimen transport system (Venturi Transystem) for anaerobic bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Sep;25(Suppl 2):S132–S133. https://doi.org/10.1086/516198 Hudspeth MK Citron DM Goldstein EJ . Evaluation of a novel specimen transport system (Venturi Transystem) for anaerobic bacteria . Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Sep ; 25 ( Suppl 2 ): S132 – S133 . https://doi.org/10.1086/516198 Search in Google Scholar

Kasithevar M, Periakaruppan P, Muthupandian S, Mohan M. Antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates from post-surgical wound infections. Microb Pathog. 2017 Jun;107:327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.013 Kasithevar M Periakaruppan P Muthupandian S Mohan M . Antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates from post-surgical wound infections . Microb Pathog. 2017 Jun ; 107 : 327 – 334 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.013 Search in Google Scholar

Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, et al. 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(12):e132-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/CID/CIS346 Lipsky BA Berendt AR Cornia PB Pile JC Peters EJ Armstrong DG Deery HG Embil JM Joseph WS Karchmer AW . 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections . Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun ; 54 ( 12 ): e132 - 73 . https://doi.org/10.1093/CID/CIS346 Search in Google Scholar

MacDonald YGD, Hait H, Lipsky B, Zasloff M, Holroyd K. Microbiological profile of infected diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Med. 2002 Dec;19(12):1032–1034. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00696_1.x MacDonald YGD Hait H Lipsky B Zasloff M Holroyd K . Microbiological profile of infected diabetic foot ulcers . Diabetic Med. 2002 Dec ; 19 ( 12 ): 1032 – 1034 . https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00696_1.x Search in Google Scholar

Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B, Jawień A, Szewczyk M, Sopata M, Korzon-Burakowska A, Dziemidok P, Gorczyca-Siudak D, Tochman-Gawda A, Krasiński Z, Rowiński O, et al. [Postępowanie z chorym z zespołem stopy cukrzycowej – wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Leczenia Ran 2021: część 1] (in Polish). Leczenie Ran. 2021; 18(3):71–114. https://doi.org/10.5114/lr.2021.110995 Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B Jawień A Szewczyk M Sopata M Korzon-Burakowska A Dziemidok P Gorczyca-Siudak D Tochman-Gawda A Krasiński Z Rowiński O . [Postępowanie z chorym z zespołem stopy cukrzycowej – wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Leczenia Ran 2021: część 1] (in Polish) . Leczenie Ran. 2021 ; 18 ( 3 ): 71 – 114 . https://doi.org/10.5114/lr.2021.110995 Search in Google Scholar

Puca V, Marulli RZ, Grande R, Vitale I, Niro A, Molinaro G, Prezioso S, Muraro R, Di Giovanni P. Microbial species isolated from infected wounds and antimicrobial resistance analysis: data emerging from a three-years retrospective study. Antibiotics. 2021 Sep 24;10(10):1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101162 Puca V Marulli RZ Grande R Vitale I Niro A Molinaro G Prezioso S Muraro R Di Giovanni P . Microbial species isolated from infected wounds and antimicrobial resistance analysis: data emerging from a three-years retrospective study . Antibiotics . 2021 Sep 24 ; 10 ( 10 ): 1162 . https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101162 Search in Google Scholar

Rondas AA, Halfens RJ, Schols JM, Thiesen KP, Trienekens TA, Stobberingh EE. Is a wound swab for microbiological analysis supportive in the clinical assessment of infection of a chronic wound? Future Microbiol. 2015;10(11):1815–1824. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.97 Rondas AA Halfens RJ Schols JM Thiesen KP Trienekens TA Stobberingh EE . Is a wound swab for microbiological analysis supportive in the clinical assessment of infection of a chronic wound? Future Microbiol. 2015 ; 10 ( 11 ): 1815 – 1824 . https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.97 Search in Google Scholar

Schaumburg F, Vas Nunes J, Mönnink G, Falama AM, Bangura J, Mathéron H, Conteh A, Sesay M, Sesay A, Grobusch MP. Chronic wounds in Sierra Leone: pathogen spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility. Infection. 2022 Aug;50(4):907–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-022-01762-6 Schaumburg F Vas Nunes J Mönnink G Falama AM Bangura J Mathéron H Conteh A Sesay M Sesay A Grobusch MP . Chronic wounds in Sierra Leone: pathogen spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility . Infection. 2022 Aug ; 50 ( 4 ): 907 – 914 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-022-01762-6 Search in Google Scholar

Sopata M, Jawień A, Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B, Augusewicz Z, Bakowska M., Samson I, Gabriel M, Grzela T, Karpiński T, Kuberka I, et al. [Wytyczne postępowania miejscowego w ranach niezakażonych, zagrożonych infekcją oraz zakażonych – przegląd dostępnych substancji przeciwdrobnoustrojowych stosowanych w leczeniu ran. Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Leczenia Ran] (in Polish). Leczenie Ran. 2020;17(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.5114/lr.2020.96820 Sopata M Jawień A Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B Augusewicz Z Bakowska M. Samson I Gabriel M Grzela T Karpiński T Kuberka I . [Wytyczne postępowania miejscowego w ranach niezakażonych, zagrożonych infekcją oraz zakażonych – przegląd dostępnych substancji przeciwdrobnoustrojowych stosowanych w leczeniu ran. Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Leczenia Ran] (in Polish) . Leczenie Ran. 2020 ; 17 ( 1 ): 1 – 21 . https://doi.org/10.5114/lr.2020.96820 Search in Google Scholar

Tedeschi S, Negosanti L, Sgarzani R, Trapani F, Pignanelli S, Battilana M, Capirossi R, Brillanti Ventura D, Giannella M, Bartoletti M, et al. Superficial swab versus deep-tissue biopsy for the microbiological diagnosis of local infection in advanced-stage pressure ulcers of spinal-cord-injured patients: a prospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec;23(12):943–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.015 Tedeschi S Negosanti L Sgarzani R Trapani F Pignanelli S Battilana M Capirossi R Brillanti Ventura D Giannella M Bartoletti M . Superficial swab versus deep-tissue biopsy for the microbiological diagnosis of local infection in advanced-stage pressure ulcers of spinal-cord-injured patients: a prospective study . Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Dec ; 23 ( 12 ): 943 – 947 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.015 Search in Google Scholar

Trengove NJ, Stacey MC, McGechie DF, Stingemore NF, Mata S. Qualitative bacteriology and leg ulcer healing. J Wound Care. 1996 Jun;5(6):277–280. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.1996.5.6.277 Trengove NJ Stacey MC McGechie DF Stingemore NF Mata S . Qualitative bacteriology and leg ulcer healing . J Wound Care. 1996 Jun ; 5 ( 6 ): 277 – 280 . https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.1996.5.6.277 Search in Google Scholar

Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Leoncio ES, Goldstein EJ. Comparison of the Copan eSwab System with an agar swab transport system for maintenance of fastidious anaerobic bacterium viability. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 May;54(5):1364–1367. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03246-15 Tyrrell KL Citron DM Leoncio ES Goldstein EJ . Comparison of the Copan eSwab System with an agar swab transport system for maintenance of fastidious anaerobic bacterium viability . J Clin Microbiol. 2016 May ; 54 ( 5 ): 1364 – 1367 . https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03246-15 Search in Google Scholar

Van Horn KG, Audette CD, Sebeck D, Tucker KA. Comparison of the Copan ESwab system with two Amies agar swab transport systems for maintenance of microorganism viability. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 May;46(5):1655–1658. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02047-07 Van Horn KG Audette CD Sebeck D Tucker KA . Comparison of the Copan ESwab system with two Amies agar swab transport systems for maintenance of microorganism viability . J Clin Microbiol. 2008 May ; 46 ( 5 ): 1655 – 1658 . https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02047-07 Search in Google Scholar

WHO. Ten threats to global health in 2019 [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 WHO . Ten threats to global health in 2019 [Internet] . Geneva (Switzerland) : World Health Organization ; 2019 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 Search in Google Scholar

World Union of Wound Healing Societies. Optimising wound care through patient engagement. London (UK): Wounds International; 2020 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from: www.woundsinternational.com World Union of Wound Healing Societies . Optimising wound care through patient engagement . London (UK) : Wounds International ; 2020 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from: www.woundsinternational.com Search in Google Scholar

Yates C, May K, Hale T, Allard B, Rowlings N, Freeman A, Harrison J, McCann J, Wraight P. Wound chronicity, inpatient care, and chronic kidney disease predispose to MRSA infection in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care. 2009 Oct;32(10):1907–1909. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0295 Yates C May K Hale T Allard B Rowlings N Freeman A Harrison J McCann J Wraight P . Wound chronicity, inpatient care, and chronic kidney disease predispose to MRSA infection in diabetic foot ulcers . Diabetes Care. 2009 Oct ; 32 ( 10 ): 1907 – 1909 . https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0295 Search in Google Scholar