This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Adjemian J, Olivier KN, Prevots DR. Epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial sputum positivity in patients with cystic fibrosis in the United States, 2010–2014. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(7):817–826. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201709-727OCAdjemianJOlivierKNPrevotsDR. Epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial sputum positivity in patients with cystic fibrosis in the United States, 2010–2014. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(7):817–826. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201709-727OC10.1513/AnnalsATS.201709-727OC613768429897781Search in Google Scholar
Adzic-Vukicevic T, Barac A, Blanka-Protic A, Laban-Lazovic M, Lukovic B, Skodric-Trifunovic V, Rubino S. Clinical features of infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: 7 years’ experience. Infection. 2018;46(3):357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1128-2Adzic-VukicevicTBaracABlanka-ProticALaban-LazovicMLukovicBSkodric-TrifunovicVRubinoS. Clinical features of infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria: 7 years’ experience. Infection. 2018;46(3):357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1128-210.1007/s15010-018-1128-229476412Search in Google Scholar
Alhanna J, Purucker M, Steppert C, Grigull-Daborn A, Schiffel G, Gruber H, Borgmann S. Mycobacterium chimaera causes tuberculosis-like infection in a male patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:450–452. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20942AlhannaJPuruckerMSteppertCGrigull-DabornASchiffelGGruberHBorgmannS. Mycobacterium chimaera causes tuberculosis-like infection in a male patient with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45:450–452. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.2094210.1002/eat.2094221656541Search in Google Scholar
Andrejak C, Nielsen R, Thomson R, Dahaut P, Sorensen HT, Thomsen RW. Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis. Thorax. 2013; 68(3):256–262. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201772AndrejakCNielsenRThomsonRDahautPSorensenHTThomsenRW. Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculosis mycobacteriosis. Thorax. 2013; 68(3):256–262. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-20177210.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-20177222781123Search in Google Scholar
Archermann Y, Rössle M, Hoffmann M, Deggim V, Kuster S, Zimmermann DR, Bloemberg G, Hombach M, Hasse B. Prosthetic valve endocarditis and bloodstream infection due to Mycobacterium chimaera. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1769–1773. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00435-13ArchermannYRössleMHoffmannMDeggimVKusterSZimmermannDRBloembergGHombachMHasseB. Prosthetic valve endocarditis and bloodstream infection due to Mycobacterium chimaera. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1769–1773. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00435-1310.1128/JCM.00435-13371609923536407Search in Google Scholar
Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Siemion-Szcześniak I, Zabost A, Wyrostkiewicz D, Filipczak D, Oniszh K, Gawryluk D, Radzikowska E, Korzybski D, Szturmowicz M. Interferon gamma release assays in patients with respiratory isolates of non-tuberculous mycobacteria – preliminary study. Pol J Microbiol. 2019;68(1):15–19. https://doi.org/10.21307/pjm-2019-002Augustynowicz-KopećESiemion-SzcześniakIZabostAWyrostkiewiczDFilipczakDOniszhKGawrylukDRadzikowskaEKorzybskiDSzturmowiczM. Interferon gamma release assays in patients with respiratory isolates of non-tuberculous mycobacteria – preliminary study. Pol J Microbiol. 2019;68(1):15–19. https://doi.org/10.21307/pjm-2019-00210.21307/pjm-2019-002725681431050249Search in Google Scholar
Bakuła Z, Kościuch J, Safianowska A, Proboszcz M, Bielecki J, van Ingen J, Krenke R, Jagielski T. Clinical, radiological and molecular features of Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2018;139:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.007BakułaZKościuchJSafianowskaAProboszczMBieleckiJvan IngenJKrenkeRJagielskiT. Clinical, radiological and molecular features of Mycobacterium kansasii pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2018;139:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.00710.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.00729858008Search in Google Scholar
Bills ND, Hinrichs SH, Aden TA, Wickert RS, Iwen PC. Molecular identification of Mycobacterium chimaera as a cause of infection in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagn Micr Infec Dis. 2009;63:292–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.002BillsNDHinrichsSHAdenTAWickertRSIwenPC. Molecular identification of Mycobacterium chimaera as a cause of infection in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Diagn Micr Infec Dis. 2009;63:292–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.00210.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.12.00219216940Search in Google Scholar
Boyle DP, Zembower TR, Reddy S, Qi Ch. Comparison of clinical features, virulence, and relapse among Mycobacterium avium complex species Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(11):1310–1317. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201501-0067OCBoyleDPZembowerTRReddySQiCh. Comparison of clinical features, virulence, and relapse among Mycobacterium avium complex speciesAm J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(11):1310–1317. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201501-0067OC10.1164/rccm.201501-0067OC25835090Search in Google Scholar
Daley ChL, Iaccarino JM, Lange Ch, Cambau E, Wallace RJ, Andrejak C, Böttger EC, Brozek J, Griffith DE, Guglielmetti L, et al. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: An official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(4):e1–e36. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa241DaleyChLIaccarinoJMLangeChCambauEWallaceRJAndrejakCBöttgerECBrozekJGriffithDEGuglielmettiL. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: An official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(4):e1–e36. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa24110.1093/cid/ciaa241776874832628747Search in Google Scholar
Diel R, Jacob J, Lampenius N, Loebinger M, Nienhaus A, Rab KF, Ringshausen FC. Burden of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Germany. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(4):1602109. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02109-2016DielRJacobJLampeniusNLoebingerMNienhausARabKFRingshausenFC. Burden of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Germany. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(4):1602109. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02109-201610.1183/13993003.02109-201628446559Search in Google Scholar
ECDC. ECDC Technical Document. EU protocol for case detection, laboratory diagnosis and environmental testing of Mycobacterium chimaera infections potentially associated with heater-cooler units: case definition and environmental testing methodology. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2015 [cited 2021 Feb 26]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/EU-protocol-for-M-chimaera.pdfECDC. ECDC Technical Document. EU protocol for case detection, laboratory diagnosis and environmental testing of Mycobacterium chimaera infections potentially associated with heater-cooler units: case definition and environmental testing methodology. Stockholm (Sweden): European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2015[cited 2021 Feb 26]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/EU-protocol-for-M-chimaera.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Gardner AI, McClenaghan E, Saint G, McNamara PS, Brodile M, Thomas MF. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection in children and young people with cystic fibrosis: analysis of UK Cystic Fibrosis registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 15;68(5):731–737. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy531GardnerAIMcClenaghanESaintGMcNamaraPSBrodileMThomasMF. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection in children and young people with cystic fibrosis: analysis of UK Cystic Fibrosis registry. Clin Infect Dis. 2019Feb15;68(5):731–737. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy53110.1093/cid/ciy531637609329982302Search in Google Scholar
Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley Ch, Gordin F, Holland SM, Horsburgh R, Huitt G, Iademarco MF, et al.; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):367–416. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200604-571STGriffithDEAksamitTBrown-ElliottBACatanzaroADaleyChGordinFHollandSMHorsburghRHuittGIademarcoMF; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):367–416. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST17277290Search in Google Scholar
Hasan NA, Warren RL, Epperson LE, Malecha A, Alexander DC, Turenne ChY, MacMillan D, Birol I, Pleasance S, Coope R, et al. Complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium chimaera SJ42, a nonoutbreak strain from an immunocompromised patient with pulmonary disease. Genome Announc. 2017 Sep;5(37):e00963-17. https://doi.org/10.1128%2FgenomeA.00963-17HasanNAWarrenRLEppersonLEMalechaAAlexanderDCTurenneChYMacMillanDBirolIPleasanceSCoopeR. Complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium chimaera SJ42, a nonoutbreak strain from an immunocompromised patient with pulmonary disease. Genome Announc. 2017Sep;5(37):e00963-17. https://doi.org/10.1128%2FgenomeA.00963-1710.1128/genomeA.00963-17559776028912319Search in Google Scholar
Hoefsloot W, van Ingen J, Magis-Escurra C. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in COPD patients with exacerbations. J Infect. 2013;66(6):542–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.011HoefslootWvan IngenJMagis-EscurraC. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in COPD patients with exacerbations. J Infect. 2013;66(6):542–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.01110.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.01123298891Search in Google Scholar
Kohler P, Kuster SP, Bloemberg G, Schulthess B, Frank M, Tanner FC, Rössle M, Böni Ch, Falk V, Wilhelm MJ, et al. Healthcare-associated prosthetic heart valve, aortic vascular graft, and disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infections subsequent to open heart surgery. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(40):2745–2753. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv342KohlerPKusterSPBloembergGSchulthessBFrankMTannerFCRössleMBöniChFalkVWilhelmMJ. Healthcare-associated prosthetic heart valve, aortic vascular graft, and disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infections subsequent to open heart surgery. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(40):2745–2753. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv34210.1093/eurheartj/ehv34226188001Search in Google Scholar
Larcher R, Lounnas M, Dumont Y, Michon AL, Bonzon L, Chiron R, Carriere Ch, Klouche K, Godreuil S. Mycobacterium chimaera pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis patients, France, 2010–2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(3):611–613. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2503.181590LarcherRLounnasMDumontYMichonALBonzonLChironRCarriereChKloucheKGodreuilS. Mycobacterium chimaera pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis patients, France, 2010–2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(3):611–613. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2503.18159010.3201/eid2503.181590639074330789330Search in Google Scholar
Malama S, Munyeme M, Mwanza S, Muma JB. Isolation and characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from humans and animals in Namwala District of Zambia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:622. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-0500-7-622MalamaSMunyemeMMwanzaSMumaJB. Isolation and characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from humans and animals in Namwala District of Zambia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:622. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-0500-7-62210.1186/1756-0500-7-622416590725204270Search in Google Scholar
Moon SM, Kim SY, Jhun BW, Lee H, Park HY, Jeon K, Huh HJ, Ki Ch-S, Lee NY, Shin SJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium chimaera. Diagn Micr Infec Dis. 2016;86:382–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.016MoonSMKimSYJhunBWLeeHParkHYJeonKHuhHJKiCh-SLeeNYShinSJ. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium chimaera. Diagn Micr Infec Dis. 2016;86:382–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.01610.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.09.01627720208Search in Google Scholar
R core team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2016. Available from https://www.R-project.orgR core team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2016. Available from https://www.R-project.orgSearch in Google Scholar
Sax H, Bloemberg G, Hasse B, Sommerstein R, Kohler P, Achermann Y, Rössle M, Falk V, Kuster SP, Böttger EC, et al. Prolonged outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infection after open-chest heart surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(1):67–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ198SaxHBloembergGHasseBSommersteinRKohlerPAchermannYRössleMFalkVKusterSPBöttgerEC. Prolonged outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infection after open-chest heart surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(1):67–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ19810.1093/cid/civ19825761866Search in Google Scholar
Schweickert B, Goldenberg O, Richter E, Göbel UB, Petrich A, Buchholz P, Moter A. Occurrence and clinical relevance of Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov., Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14(9):1443–1446. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1409.071032SchweickertBGoldenbergORichterEGöbelUBPetrichABuchholzPMoterA. Occurrence and clinical relevance of Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov., Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14(9):1443–1446. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1409.07103210.3201/eid1409.071032260310518760016Search in Google Scholar
Szturmowicz M, Oniszh K, Wyrostkiewicz D, Radwan-Rohrenschef P, Filipczak D, Zabost A. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory specimens of patients with obstructive lung diseases – colonization or disease? Antibiotics. 2020 Jul 20;9(7):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070424SzturmowiczMOniszhKWyrostkiewiczDRadwan-RohrenschefPFilipczakDZabostA. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory specimens of patients with obstructive lung diseases – colonization or disease?Antibiotics. 2020Jul20;9(7):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics907042410.3390/antibiotics9070424739988232698511Search in Google Scholar
Szturmowicz M, Siemion-Szcześniak I, Wyrostkiewicz D, Klatt M, Brzezińska S, Zabost A, Lewandowska A, Filipczak D, Oniszh K, Skoczylas A, et al. Factors predisposing to non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in the patients with respiratory isolates of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Adv Respir Med 2018;86:261–267. https://doi.org/10.5603/ARM.a2018.0043SzturmowiczMSiemion-SzcześniakIWyrostkiewiczDKlattMBrzezińskaSZabostALewandowskaAFilipczakDOniszhKSkoczylasA. Factors predisposing to non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in the patients with respiratory isolates of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Adv Respir Med2018;86:261–267. https://doi.org/10.5603/ARM.a2018.004310.5603/ARM.a2018.004330594992Search in Google Scholar
Tortoli E, Rindi L, Garcia MJ, Chiaradonna P, Dei R, Garzelli C, Kroppenstedt RM, Lari N, Mattei R, Mariottini A, et al. Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt4):1277–1285. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02777-0TortoliERindiLGarciaMJChiaradonnaPDeiRGarzelliCKroppenstedtRMLariNMatteiRMariottiniA. Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt4):1277–1285. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02777-010.1099/ijs.0.02777-015280303Search in Google Scholar
Tortoli E. Microbiological features and clinical relevance of new species of the genus Mycobacterium. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27(4): 727–752. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00035-14TortoliE. Microbiological features and clinical relevance of new species of the genus Mycobacterium. Clin Microbiol Rev2014; 27(4): 727–752. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00035-1410.1128/CMR.00035-14418764225278573Search in Google Scholar
Turenne CY, Wallace R Jr, Behr MA. Mycobacterium avium in the postgenomic era. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(2):205–229. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00036-06TurenneCYWallaceRJrBehrMA. Mycobacterium avium in the postgenomic era. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(2):205–229. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00036-0610.1128/CMR.00036-06186559617428883Search in Google Scholar
Wallace RJ Jr, Iakhiaeva E, Williams MD, Brown-Elliott BA, Vasireddy S, Vasireddy R, Lande L, Peterson DD, Sawicki J, Kwait R, et al. Absence of Mycobacterium intracellulare and presence of Mycobacterium chimaera in household water and biofilm samples of patients in the United States with Mycobacterium avium complex respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1747–1752. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00186-13WallaceRJJrIakhiaevaEWilliamsMDBrown-ElliottBAVasireddySVasireddyRLandeLPetersonDDSawickiJKwaitR. Absence of Mycobacterium intracellulare and presence of Mycobacterium chimaera in household water and biofilm samples of patients in the United States with Mycobacterium avium complex respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1747–1752. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00186-1310.1128/JCM.00186-13371611523536397Search in Google Scholar
Wilińska E, Oniszh K, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Zabost A, Fijałkowska A, Kurzyna M, Wieteska M, Torbicki A, Kuś J, Szturmowicz M. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTMLD) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2014;82(6):495–502. https://doi.org/10.5603/PiAP.2014.0066WilińskaEOniszhKAugustynowicz-KopećEZabostAFijałkowskaAKurzynaMWieteskaMTorbickiAKuśJSzturmowiczM. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTMLD) in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2014;82(6):495–502. https://doi.org/10.5603/PiAP.2014.006610.5603/PiAP.2014.006625339559Search in Google Scholar
Zabost A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. Use of GenoType MTBDR plus assay for the detection of mycobacteria molecular rifampicin and isoniazid resistance. Post Nauk Med. 2015;4:249–254.ZabostAAugustynowicz-KopećE. Use of GenoType MTBDR plus assay for the detection of mycobacteria molecular rifampicin and isoniazid resistance. Post Nauk Med. 2015;4:249–254.10.5604/08606196.1151994Search in Google Scholar
, 