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Multidrug-resistant Opportunistic and Pathogenic Bacteria Contaminate Algerian Banknotes Currency

LYDIA NEÏLA DJOUADI
LYDIA NEÏLA DJOUADI
, 
NADJET GUEZLANE-TEBIBEL
NADJET GUEZLANE-TEBIBEL
, 
KENZA MANSOURI
KENZA MANSOURI
, 
HANANE BOUMERDASSI
HANANE BOUMERDASSI
, 
KARIM ARAB
KARIM ARAB
, 
MARIE-LAURE FARDEAU
MARIE-LAURE FARDEAU
 oraz 
FARIDA NATECHE
FARIDA NATECHE
   | 27 gru 2020
Polish Journal of Microbiology's Cover Image
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Article Category: original-paper
Data publikacji: 27 gru 2020
Zakres stron: 491 - 501
Otrzymano: 07 wrz 2020
Przyjęty: 11 lis 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-053
Słowa kluczowe
© 2021 LYDIA NEÏLA DJOUADI et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Phylogenetic relationships between strains isolated from Algerian banknotes and reference bacterial strains using 16S rRNA sequences: (a) Gram-positive strains; (b): Gram-negative strains. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Tamura-Nei method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Neighbor-joining algorithm. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) are indicated at the nodes.
Phylogenetic relationships between strains isolated from Algerian banknotes and reference bacterial strains using 16S rRNA sequences: (a) Gram-positive strains; (b): Gram-negative strains. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Tamura-Nei method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Neighbor-joining algorithm. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) are indicated at the nodes.

Diversity of bacterial strains isolated from Algerian banknotes.

GeneraNumber of strains for each denominationTotal (frequency %)
200 DZD500 DZD1000 DZD2000 DZD
Staphylococcus  4  302      9 (18.75)
Micrococcus  4  311      9 (18.75)
Bacillus  2  200    4 (8.33)
Pseudomonas  1  300    4 (8.33)
Acinetobacter  1  111    4 (8.33)
Rothia  1  101    3 (6.25)
Klebsiella  1  011    3 (6.25)
Enterococcus  0  200    2 (4.16)
Enterobacter  1  010    2 (4.16)
Serratia  0  0011 (2)
Brevundimonas  1  0001 (2)
Shewanella  1  0001 (2)
Moraxella  1  0001 (2)
Weeksella  0  1001 (2)
Alcaligenes  0  0101 (2)
Chryseobacterium  0  0011 (2)
Sporosarcina  1  0011 (2)
Total191658    N = 48

Strains isolated from Algerian banknotes currency and their characterization.

NotesStrainsBiochemical identification (Api System)Molecular identificationResistance profilesHemo-lysis
200 DZDB0P1Staphylococcus cohniiS. equorumP, AZT, FOS, FAnone
B1P3Staphylococcus epidermidisS. epidermidisP, OX, AMP, AMC, CZ, CH, AZT,C, CNnone
B1N2Staphylococcus aureusNDP, OX, AMP, AZT, GN, FAβ
B4M1Staphylococcus auricularisNDAZT, FA, G, T, Cnone
B3M3Micrococcus sp.NDP, OX, Enone
B4P8Micrococcus sp.NDP, AKα
B4N6Micrococcus sp.NDP, SXTnone
B5M4Micrococcus sp.NDP, T, Enone
B0H2Bacillus sp.B. firmusP, OX, CZ, CHβ
B5P5Bacillus sp.S. luteloaP, OX, AMPnone
B7G7Bacillus sp.B. psychroduransP, OX, AMP, FA, FOSβ
B1MORothia mucilaginosaNDP, OX, FA, V, CIP, Cnone
B1C1Pseudomonas aeruginosaPs. aeruginosaP, OX, AMP, AMC, TZP, TCC, CZ, CH, CEF, CXM, ERT, FA, TEC, VA, DAPα
B6C1Brevundimonas vesicularisB. vesicularisP, OX, AMP, CZ, CEF, FA, G, TM, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, E, CNnone
B7M1AcinetobacterIwoffiiNDP, OX, CZ, CH, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, T, CIP, LVXα
B7P2Moraxella sp.NDP, OX, AMP, AMC, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, CNnone
B6M5Shewanella putrefaciensNDP, OX, AMP, AZ, CH, CZ, FOS, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, SXTβ
B6J4Klebsiella ozaeneaNDP, OX, AMP, AMC, CH, CZ, G, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, T, E, NITα
B5S3Enterobacter sakazakiiNDP, OX, AMP, AMC, CZ, CH, CEF, CXM, FA, TEC, VA, DAPα
500 DZDC1P1Staphylococcus arlettaeS. arlettaeP, OX, AMP, CH, CZ, CEF, AZT, TEC, VA, E, G, TM, T, E, CNnone
C5H1Staphylococcus lentusNDP, AMP, AMC, AZT, G, AFα
C5G4Staphylococcus saprophyticusS. saprophyticusP, AZT, T, E, CNnone
C1M1Micrococcus sp.NDP, Enone
C4J3Micrococcus sp.NDDAP, T, Eα
C4P3Micrococcus sp.NDP, Tnone
C5G1Enterococcus faecalisE. faecalisOX,CZ, CH, CEF, CXM, FEP,TZP, TCC, AK, G, TM, CN, Eα
C5P3Enterococcus faeciumNDP, OX, AMP, AMC, CH, CZ, CTX, CXM, FEP, ERT, AK, G, TM, FOS, CIP, LVX, T, E, CNα
C2H0Bacillus sp.NDP, OX, AMP, Eβ
C5T1Bacillus sp.NDP, OX, AMP, CZβ
C5C7Rothia mucilaginosaNDP, OX, AK, Gnone
C1N3Pseudomonas fuorescensNDP, OX, AMP, AMC, CZ, CH, CEF, CXM, ERT, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, G, Enone
C2C5Pseudomonas mendocinaPs. mendocinaP, OX, AMP, AMC, CH, CZ, CEF, CXM, CTX, CAZ, ERT, G, FOS, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, CIP, LVXα
C5C11Pseudomonas fuorescensPs. fragiP, OX, AMP, AMC, CH, CZ, CTX, CXM, FEP, AZT, TZP, ERT, G, TM, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, CIP, T, E, CNα
C3K1AcinetobacterIwoffiiNDP, OX, AMP, AMC, CZ, CH, FA, TEC, VA, DAPnone
C4R11Weeksella virosaNDP, OX, CIP, AK, AZT, G, TM, FA, TEC, VA, DAPnone
1000 DZDD1C1Micrococcus sp.NDP, FA, Cnone
D1H1Enterobacter cloacaeE. cloacaeP, OX, AMP, AMC, AZT, CZ, CH, CEF, CXM, CTX, CAZ, FEP, ERT, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, TIG, SXTα
D3P5Klebsiella oxytocaNDP, OX, AMP, CZ, G, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, C, CIP, NITα
D2P1Alcaligenes faecalisA. faecalisP, OX, AMP, AMC, AZT, ERT, CAZ, FEP, G, FOS, FA, TEC, VA, CIP, DAPnone
D4C5AcinetobacterIwoffiiA. lwoffiiP, OX, AMP, CZ, CH, G, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, E, SXTα
2000 DZDDM4S1Staphylococcus aureusNDP, OX, CZ, CH, AZT, G, TMα
DM5C1Staphylococcus epidermidisNDP, OX, AMP, AMC, AK, G, TM, FOS, FA, TEC, VA, CIP, T, E, SXT, CN, RA, NITnone
DM3C3Micrococcus sp.M. luteusAZT, NITnone
DM3C5Rothia dentocariosaNDP, SXT, NITnone
DM1C2Klebsiella ozaeaneK. oxytocaP, OX, AMP, AMC, CH, CZ, CEF, CTX, CXM, FEP, AZT, ERT, AK, G, TM, FOS, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, C, CIP, LVX, T, TIG, E, CNα
DM2C3Serratia marscesensS. rubidaeaP, OX, AMP, AMC, CZ, CH, CEF, CTX, CAZ, ERT, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, C, CIP, LVX, SXTnone
DM1J1AcinetobacterIwoffiiNDP, OX, CZ, CH, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, CIP, SXTnone
DM4G6Chryseobacterium indologenesNDP, OX, CZ, CH, CXM, CAZ, FEP, AZT, ERT, AK, G, TM, FA, TEC, VA, DAP, SXTnone

Antibiotic resistance in Algerian banknotes isolates.

FamiliesAntibioticsNumber of Gram-positive resistant strains (N = 28)Number of Gram-negative resistant strains (N = 20)Number of Total resistant strains Frequencies (%)
β-lactamsP2420*          44 (91.7)
OX1520*          35 (72.9)
AMP1016          26 (54.1)
AMC  412          16 (33.3)
CZ  717          24 (50)
CH  615          21 (43.8)
CEF  2  8          10 (20.8)
CXM  210          12 (25)
CTX  1  5            6 (12.5)
CAZ  0  5            5 (10.4)
FEP  2  5            7 (14.6)
TZP  1  2            3 (6.2)
TCC  1  1            2 (4.2)
AZT  9  6          15 (31.2)
ERT  1  9          10 (20.8)
AminosidesAK  5  3            8 (16.7)
G  810          18 (37.5)
TM  5  5          10 (20.8)
Phosphonic acidsFOS  4  4            8 (16.7)
FusidaninesFA  720*          27 (58.3)
GlycopeptidesTEC  220*          22 (45.8)
VA  220*          22 (45.8)
LipopeptidesDAP  120*          21 (43.8)
OxazolidinonesLIN  0                                 0            0 (0)
PhenicolsC  4  3            7 (14.6)
FluoroquinolonesCIP  3  9          12 (25)
LVX  1  4            5 (10.4)
TetracyclinesT  8  4          12 (25)
TIG  0  2            2 (4.2)
MacrolidesE12  7          19 (39.6)
LincosamidesCN  6  4          10 (20.8)
RifamycinesRA  1  2            3 (6.2)
NitrofurantoinesNIT  3  2            5 (10.4)
SulfamidesSXT  3  6            9 (18.8)

Enumeration of different bacterial groups isolated from Algerian banknotes.

Culture MediaTe banknotes studied (CFU/banknote)New banknotes (CFU/banknote)
200 DZD500 DZD1000 DZD2000 DZD200 DZD500 DZD1000 DZD2000 DZD
Nutrient agar (Total non-exigent flora)4.3 × 104 ± 9 × 1032.6 × 104 ± 4 × 1031.5 × 104 ± 6 × 1031.3 × 103 ± 4 × 102200 ± 16150 ± 27120 ± 1280 ± 5
Columbia agar (Exigent and non-exigent bacteria)5.4 × 105 ± 8 × 1041.8 × 105 ± 4.3 × 1042.1 × 104 ± 3 × 1032.2 × 103 ± 8 × 102100 ± 2950 ± 600
Chapman agar (Staphylococcus and other Gram-positive cocci)5.3 × 103 ± 4 × 1026.7 × 103 ± 3 × 1026.6 × 103 ± 9 × 1028,5 × 102 ± 7 × 1010000
Hektoen agar (Enterobacteriaceae and other non-exigent Gram-negative rods)3.3 × 103 ± 7 × 102200 ± 40100 ± 2000000
Bile-Esculin agar (Enterococcus spp.)200 ± 30500 ± 20300 ± 1300000
Cetrimide agar (Pseudomonas spp.)80 ± 272 ± 475 ± 620 ± 30000
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Język:
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Dziedziny czasopisma:
Life Sciences, Microbiology and Virology
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