Impact of Agricultural Extension Services Access and Cooperative Membership on Farmers’ Welfare: Evidence From Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

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Figure 4.

Marginal effect of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership (N = 389)

Variables	Extension service dy/dx	Cooperative membership dy/dx
Cooperative membership	0.30**(0.151)	0.00
Media access	0.99***(0.193)	–0.27(0.200)
Total livestock unit (TLU)	–0.01(0.026)	0.05*(0.026)
Access to credit	–0.38*(0.197)	0.70***(0.207)
Market distance	–0.00(0.005)	0.01*(0.005)
Market information	0.10(0.143)	–0.04(0.143)
Gender	–0.57**(0.237)	–0.02(0.248)
Marital status	–0.34**(0.172)	0.81***(0.307)
Education	0.09***(0.022)	–0.02(0.022)
Age of household	0.02**(0.008)	0.00(0.008)
Family size	–0.17***(0.040)	–0.10**(0.040)
Farmland size	0.05(0.094)	0.09(0.103)
Extension access	0.00	0.44***(0.157)
Constant	0.00(0.675)	–3.84***(0.908)

Impact of extension access and cooperative membership on annual household asset ownership

Welfare measurement	Outcome variable (measures of welfare)	Treated (1)/untreated (0)	Extension access	Cooperative membership
		(1/0)	Potential outcome coefficient	Potential outcome coefficient
Change in asset ownership	Total estimated asset value	Untreated = 0	21,878.14***	33,148.87***
		Treated = 1	51,320.6***	34,555.92***
		Difference (ATT)	29,442.46***	1,407.05***
	Estimated physical asset value	Untreated = 0	16,991.23***	23,620.65***
		Treated = 1	38,540.44***	27,856.51***
		Difference (ATT)	21,549.21***	4,235.86***
	Estimated livestock asset value	Untreated = 0	21,239.03***	29,525.82***
		Treated = 1	48,175.55***	34,820.64***
		Difference (ATT)	26,936.52***	5,294.82***
	Another estimated asset value	Untreated = 0	4,247.81***	5,905.16***
		Treated = 1	9,635.11***	6,964.13***
		Difference (ATT)	5,387.30***	1,058.96**

Impact of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership on welfare to improved annual asset ownership (IPWRA)

Type of mean of outcome variables	Monetary value of mean measured outcome variables	Mean of outcome variables based on weighted observations
		Extension access			Cooperative membership
		Treated (j = 1)	Untreated (j = 0)	ATT	Treated (j = 1)	Untreated (j = 0)	ATT
Change in asset ownership	Total asset	9.83	9.50***(0.05)	0.33***(0.10)	9.64	9.50***(0.10)	0.14*(0.08)

Impact of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership on annual expenditure (IPWRA)

Type of outcome variables	Monetary value of mean measured outcome variables	Mean of outcome variables based on weighted observations
		Extension access			Cooperative member
		Treated (j = 1)	Untreated (j = 0)	ATT	Treated (j = 1)	Untreated (j = 0)	ATT
Change in expenditure	Annual total expenditure	11.01	10.7***(0.04)	0.31***(0.05)	10.88	10.8***(–0.05)	0.08(0.06)
	Annual expenditure per adult equivalent	9.83	9.5***(0.1)	0.33***(0.1)	9.65	9.52***(0.1)	0.13*(0.01)

Impact of agricultural extension access and cooperative membership on welfare to In of annual income (IPWRA)

Type of mean of outcome variables	Monetary value of mean measured outcome variables	Mean of outcome variables based on weighted observations
		Extension access			Cooperative membership
		Treated (j = 1)	Untreated (j = 0)	ATT	Treated (j = 1)	Untreated (j = 0)	ATT
Change in ln of annual income	Annual farm income	11.20	10.60***(0.05)	0.60***(0.01)	10.90	10.80***(0.01)	0.10(0.06)
	Annual total income	11.38	10.90***(0.05)	0.48***(0.01)	11.20	11.10***(-0.06)	0.10(0.06)
	Annual per capita income	9.42	9.15***(.04)	.27*** (.04)	9.27	9.24***(.04)	.04(.04)

Impact of extension access and cooperative membership on annual household expenditure

Welfare measurement	Outcome variable (measures of welfare)	Treated (1) and untreated (0)	Extension access	Cooperative membership
			Potential outcome coefficient	Potential outcome coefficient
Change in expenditure	Annual food consumption expenditure	Untreated = 0	38,392.28***	39,794.33***
		Treated = 1	49,514.95***	44,597.12***
		Difference (ATT)	11,122.67***	4,802.79***
	Annual non-food consumption expenditure	Untreated = 0	9,598.07***	9,948.581***
		Treated = 1	12,378.74***	11,149.28***
		Difference (ATT)	2,780.67***	1,200.699***
	Annual total consumption expenditure	Untreated = 0	47,990.35***	49,742.91***
		Treated =1	61,893.69***	55,746.4***
		Difference (ATT)	13,903.34***	6,003.49***
	Annual total expenditure per adult equivalent	Untreated = 0	15,910.69***	16,909.66***
		Treated =1	21,135.59***	18,738.79***
		Difference (ATT)	5,224.9***	1,829.13***

Impact of extension access and cooperative membership on annual monetary income of households

Welfare measurement type	Outcome variable (measures of welfare)	Treated (1)/untreated group (0)	Extension access	Cooperative membership
			(with = 1, without = 0)	(member = 1, non-member = 0)
			Potential outcome coefficient	Potential outcome coefficient
Change in annual monetary income (ETB)	Annual farm income	Untreated = 0	41,712.24***	48,564.98***
		Treated = 1	61,454.2***	49,931.64***
		Difference (ATT)	19,741.96***	1,366.66***
	Annual of farm income	Untreated = 0	10,428.06***	12,141.24***
		Treated = 1	15,363.55***	12,482.91***
		Difference (ATT)	4,935.49***	341.67***
	Annual total income	Untreated = 0	52,140.3***	60,706.22***
		Treated = 1	76,817.74***	62,414.55***
		Difference (ATT)	24,677.44***	1,708.33***
	Annual per capita income	Untreated = 0	10,607.98***	12,213.52 ***
		Treated = 1	13,837.6***	12,256.48***
		Difference (ATT)	3,229.6***	42.96***

Mean comparison of users and non-users

Household variables description	N = 392	Agricultural extension service			Cooperative membership
		Number of treated = 171	Number of controlled = 221	ΔM	Number of treated = 171	Number of controlled = 221	ΔM
Annual food expenditure (ETB)	42,410.7	48,561.7	37,651.4	10,910.4***	45,996.5	39,206.0	6,790.5**
Annual non-food expenditure (ETB)	10,602.7	12,140.4	9,412.8	2,727.6***	11,499.1	9,801.5	1,697.6**
Annual total expenditure (ETB)	53,013.4	60,702.2	47,064.2	13,637.9***	57,495.7	49,007.5	8,488.0**
Total expenditure PAE (ETB)	17,816.2	20,361.9	15,858.1	4,503.7***	18,836.7	16,909.2	1,927.4
Annual farm income (ETB)	49,626.4	60,811.5	40,971.8	19,839.7***	52,248.6	47,282.9	4,965.7***
Off farm income (ETB)	12,406.6	15,202.9	10,243.0	4,959.9***	13,062.2	11,820.7	1,241.4***
Total annual income (ETB)	62,033.0	76,014.4	51,214.8	24,799.6***	65,310.8	59,103.6	6,207.2***
Total asset in monetary value (ETB)	34,275.2	51,308.2	21,095.9	30,212.3***	38,119.7	30,839.3	7,280.4***
Physical asset monetary value (ETB)	25,922.6	38,443.0	16,234.8	22,208.2***	30,369.7	21,948.1	8,421.6***
Livestock asset monetary value (ETB)	32,403.2	48,053.8	20,293.5	27,760.3***	37,962.1	27,435.1	10,526.0***
Other assets monetary value (ETB)	6,480.6	9,610.8	4,058.7	5,552.1***	7,592.4	5,487.0	2,105.4***
Cooperative membership (1/0)	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.1**	0.5	0.4	0.1**
Mass media access (radio/TV = 1/0)	0.6	0.7	0.5	0.3***	0.6	0.6	0.1
Agricultural extension (1/0)	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.1**	0.5	0.4	0.1**
Livestock ownership (TLU)	4.5	4.6	4.4	0.3	5.0	4.0	0.9***
Access to credit (1/0)	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.2***	0.5	0.3	0.2 ***
Distance to market (km)	18.5	18.3	18.6	–0.4	19.9	17.2	2.8**
Market information (30 km or below far from main road of zonal town = 1/0)	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.0	0.6	0.6	0.0
Sex of household head (male = 1)	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.1**	0.9	0.9	0.0
Education of household head (years)	3.8	4.7	3.2	1.5***	3.7	3.9	–0.2
Age of household head	49.7	50.8	48.7	2.1***	49.1	50.2	1.1
Household family size	6.2	5.8	6.5	–0.7***	6.0	6.4	0.4**
Adult equivalent family size	3.6	3.5	3.6	–0.1	3.5	3.6	0.1
Total farm size in (ha)	1.3	1.4	1.3	0.1	1.5	1.1	0.3***