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Geochemistry and provenance of core sediments from the southwestern Okinawa Trough

Kuo-Ming Huang

Kuo-Ming Huang

Department of Applied Geomatics, Chien Hsin UniversityTaoyuan City,
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Huang, Kuo-Ming
, 
Yung-Tan Lee

Yung-Tan Lee

Department of Tourism and Travel Management, Taipei University of Marine TechnologyNew Taipei City,
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Lee, Yung-Tan
, 
I-An Chang

I-An Chang

Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan UniversityTaipei,
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Chang, I-An
, 
Ren-Yi Huang

Ren-Yi Huang

Department of Leisure Business Management, Hungkuo Delin University of TechnologyNew Taipei City,
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Huang, Ren-Yi
, 
Meng-Lung Lin

Meng-Lung Lin

Department of Tourism, Aletheia UniversityNew Taipei City,
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Lin, Meng-Lung
 oraz 
Yen-Tsui Hu

Yen-Tsui Hu

Department of Tourism and Travel Management, Taipei University of Marine TechnologyNew Taipei City,
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Hu, Yen-Tsui
  
30 cze 2025
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Kategoria artykułu: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 30 cze 2025
Zakres stron: 138 - 159
Otrzymano: 27 mar 2025
Przyjęty: 24 cze 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2025.1.12
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© 2025 Kuo-Ming Huang et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location map shows the study area and the coring sites.
Location map shows the study area and the coring sites.

Figure 2

UCC (Taylor & McLennan, 1985) normalized major element variations for cored sediments of this study. UCC, Upper continental crust.
UCC (Taylor & McLennan, 1985) normalized major element variations for cored sediments of this study. UCC, Upper continental crust.

Figure 3

Al2O3 versus ΣFeO and MgO plots for cored sediments of this study.
Al2O3 versus ΣFeO and MgO plots for cored sediments of this study.

Figure 4

ICV values of the sediment cores in this study (+: the mean values of ICV for each station). ICV, Index of compositional variability.
ICV values of the sediment cores in this study (+: the mean values of ICV for each station). ICV, Index of compositional variability.

Figure 5

High field strength elements versus Al2O3 plots for cored sediments in this study.
High field strength elements versus Al2O3 plots for cored sediments in this study.

Figure 6

High field strength elements versus MgO plots for cored sediments in this study.
High field strength elements versus MgO plots for cored sediments in this study.

Figure 7

High field strength elements versus ΣFeO plots for cored sediments of this study.
High field strength elements versus ΣFeO plots for cored sediments of this study.

Figure 8

Cr/Th versus Sc/Th plots for the cored sediments of this study.
Cr/Th versus Sc/Th plots for the cored sediments of this study.

Figure 9

Nb versus Ta and Zr versus Hf, Y plots for cored sediments of this study.
Nb versus Ta and Zr versus Hf, Y plots for cored sediments of this study.

Figure 10

REEs versus Al2O3 plots for cored sediments of this study. REEs, rare earth elements.
REEs versus Al2O3 plots for cored sediments of this study. REEs, rare earth elements.

Figure 11

Range of chondrite-normalized REE patterns for cored sediments in this study as compared with shale, quartzite, and UCC. Shale from Govindaraju (1989). Quartzite from Meisel et al. (1990). Upper continental crust from Taylor and McLennan (1985). REE, rare earth element; UCC, upper continental crust.
Range of chondrite-normalized REE patterns for cored sediments in this study as compared with shale, quartzite, and UCC. Shale from Govindaraju (1989). Quartzite from Meisel et al. (1990). Upper continental crust from Taylor and McLennan (1985). REE, rare earth element; UCC, upper continental crust.

Figure 12

La–Th–Sc variations for cored sediments (variation fields modified from Cullers, 1994). Shale and limestone from Govindaraju (1989). Greywacke from Condie (1993). Quartzite from Meisel et al. (1990).
La–Th–Sc variations for cored sediments (variation fields modified from Cullers, 1994). Shale and limestone from Govindaraju (1989). Greywacke from Condie (1993). Quartzite from Meisel et al. (1990).

Figure 13

DF1 versus DF2 plots for cored sediments in this study (variation fields modified from Roser & Korsch, 1986).
DF1 versus DF2 plots for cored sediments in this study (variation fields modified from Roser & Korsch, 1986).

Figure 14

K2O/Na2O versus SiO2 plots for cored sediments in this study (variation fields modified from Roser & Korsch, 1986).
K2O/Na2O versus SiO2 plots for cored sediments in this study (variation fields modified from Roser & Korsch, 1986).

Figure 15

Variation diagram of the contribution proportion of core sediments from the Lan-Yang area at distances from the coastline of Taiwan.
Variation diagram of the contribution proportion of core sediments from the Lan-Yang area at distances from the coastline of Taiwan.

Chemical compositions of the cored sediments, end members, and results of mixing model calculations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ST2 ST5 ST11 ST13 ST15 ST5.11. 13.15 (Average) Average of cored sediments from the Lan-Yang area (EM1) Average of sediments from the East China Sea continental shelf (EM2) Average of the Okinawa Trough volcanic rocks (EM3)
(wt%)
SiO2 57.24 56.87 59.18 62.09 54.38 58.13 62.65 59.87 52.67
Al2O3 16.27 14.78 12.89 10.83 12.66 12.79 16.96 8.62 17.70
ΣFeO 6.62 5.72 6.54 5.19 8.31 6.44 7.02 3.88 8.04
MgO 3.5 3.32 3.45 2.95 3.16 3.22 1.70 1.67 3.87
CaO 2.56 4.67 3.33 5.04 5.54 4.65 0.93 10.75 9.30
Na2O 1.39 1.52 1.40 1.73 1.66 1.58 0.82 1.12 3.24
K2O 2.68 2.36 2.50 2.21 2.49 2.39 3.02 2.06 1.15
MnO 0.23 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.39 0.18 0.08 0.16 0.15
Results of the mixing model calculations
ST2 ST5 ST11 ST13 ST15
EM1 71.22% 52.93% 65.72% 47.56% 35.73% 51.88%
EM2 0.00% 18.50% 27.51% 52.44% 22.15% 31.80%
EM3 28.78% 28.57% 6.76% 0.00% 42.12% 16.33% □ □ □

General description of the cores_

Station Latitude Longitude Water depth (m) Core recovery (cm)
2 24°56.2′N 122°51.6′E 1635 234
5 25°37′N 124°22′E 1900 230
11 25°11′N 124°00′E 2250 241
13 25°23′N 124°30′E 2050 215
15 25°38′N 125°00′E 2100 105

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST15 station of the SOT

Sample (cm) 0–3 7–11 22–24 45–50 80–85 100–105 Avg.
SiO2 (wt%) 54.44 49.65 50.19 65.56 54.94 51.48 54.38
Al2O3 13.65 13.50 8.40 12.22 14.11 14.06 12.66
ΣFeO 10.74 11.00 9.19 3.90 6.80 8.24 8.31
MgO 3.73 3.45 2.43 1.52 3.93 3.89 3.16
CaO 3.19 4.88 14.12 3.30 3.34 4.39 5.54
Na2O 1.34 1.35 1.50 3.11 1.39 1.27 1.66
K2O 2.58 2.40 1.39 2.65 3.04 2.90 2.49
MnO 0.924 0.822 0.105 0.102 0.118 0.244 0.386
TiO2 0.71 0.77 0.51 0.58 0.67 0.62 0.64
P2O5 0.13 0.15 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.12
LOI 8.85 11.78 12.59 7.06 10.41 12.71 10.57
Total 100.288 99.748 100.513 100.094 98.869 99.909
Ba (ppm) 502 483 275 395 471 495 437
Co 15.9 16.4 12.7 5.9 13.9 15.5 13.4
Cr 88.5 80.5 58.2 16.8 79.8 101.0 70.8
Cu 58 67 41 15 31 44 42.7
Li 57.4 51.3 27.7 32.4 70.8 72.1 52.0
Nb 10.9 9.8 9.2 7.0 12.6 11.7 10.2
Ni 48.3 53.5 34.5 12.5 42.1 54.8 40.9
Rb 141 126 71 95 158 161 125
Sc 10.8 10.1 6.1 10.2 12.2 7.9 9.5
Sr 160 191 327 185 168 220 208
Ta 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6
Th 7.9 7.2 5.6 5.9 9.5 8.3 7.4
U 1.51 1.30 1.63 2.22 2.22 1.95 1.81
V 100 98 52 47 107 113 86
Y 9.5 9.5 9.2 12.0 9.8 9.8 9.9
Zr 38 38 44 117 49 47 55.5
La 25.7 24.8 22.2 18.4 29.7 27.9 24.8
Ce 56.1 52.0 47.6 42.5 62.0 61.3 53.6
Nd 12.2 11.4 10.5 10.4 13.4 12.9 11.8
Sm 4.5 4.2 3.7 4.4 5.1 4.8 4.4
Eu 0.84 0.75 0.64 0.84 0.92 0.92 0.82
Gd 4.35 3.96 3.98 4.45 5.14 4.85 4.46
Tb 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.58 0.52 0.46 0.46
Yb 1.38 1.28 1.19 2.73 1.50 1.45 1.59
Lu 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.40 0.21 0.20 0.22

XRD results of core sediment samples (diffraction peak intensity in counts)

ST2
Depth (cm) Illite (8.9°) Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°) Quartz (20.9°) Feldspar (27.8°) Calcite (29.4°) Amphibole (10.5°)
0 279 182 586 445 234 -
30 328 135 484 357 269 -
50 262 137 462 320 250 -
80 234 137 471 303 207 -
ST5
Depth (cm) Illite (8.9) Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5) Quartz (20.9) Feldspar (27.8) Calcite (29.4) Amphibole (10.5)
10 240 110 480 342 331 -
30 357 237 713 686 557 ?
50 246 121 475 404 484 -
70 276 139 520 408 335 -
90 299 149 686 858 471 -
110 331 151 392 353 454 -
130 259 172 462 282 458 -
150 231 74 289 204 219 -
ST11
Depth (cm) Illite (8.9°) Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°) Quartz (20.9°) Feldspar (27.8°) Calcite (29.4°) Amphibole (10.5°)
0–2.5 117 237 566 207 104 ?
20–25 346 172 484 292 380 -
80–85 253 172 306 296 303 -
133–138 282 172 276 228 253 -
190–195 279 172 493 511 250 ?
235–240 346 246 581 246 346 ?
ST15
Depth (cm) Illite (8.9°) Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°) Quartz (20.9°)
0–3 79 156 462
8–14 234 121 467
18–30 188 96 548
44–46 296 98 400
56–60 310 135 762
100–105 259 177 339
160–165 256 146 292
213–215 172 98 424
ST15
Depth (cm) Illite (8.9°) Chlorite + Kaolinite (12.5°) Quartz (20.9°)
0–3 188 123 156
7–11 346 190 376
22–24 339 106 562
45–50 339 40 207
80–85 350 296 506
100–105 339 117 424

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST5 station of the SOT

Sample (cm) 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 Avg.
SiO2 (wt%) 59.27 57.56 57.35 55.98 56.94 55.90 55.48 56.48 56.87
Al2O3 15.34 15.13 14.78 14.42 14.67 14.42 14.67 14.77 14.78
ΣFeO 5.83 5.74 5.70 5.86 5.60 5.66 5.86 5.54 5.72
MgO 3.37 3.30 3.31 3.44 3.35 3.27 3.43 3.10 3.32
CaO 4.25 4.64 4.62 4.64 3.90 5.01 5.41 4.86 4.67
Na2O 1.48 1.46 1.51 1.37 1.44 1.47 1.67 1.74 1.52
K2O 2.44 2.20 2.21 2.24 2.44 2.43 2.60 2.31 2.36
MnO 0.062 0.069 0.081 0.085 0.075 0.066 0.085 0.082 0.076
TiO2 0.62 0.67 0.64 0.64 0.58 0.71 0.61 0.55 0.63
P2O5 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.12
LOI 8.97 9.45 9.53 10.57 9.28 9.97 9.67 9.65 9.64
Total 101.765 100.342 99.858 99.361 98.397 99.039 99.574 99.186
Ba (ppm) 566 567 549 512 546 544 423 479 523
Co 14.2 13.2 13.2 12.8 13.0 13.3 10.5 11.5 12.7
Cr 88.8 81.6 84.6 78.5 80.4 80.2 60.8 69.6 78.1
Cu 34 33 30 30 30 31 22 25 29
Li 68.2 65.3 65.3 65.2 28.8 63.0 47.9 54.4 57.3
Nb 15.8 16.5 17.5 17.1 17.3 15.8 10.5 11.6 15.3
Ni 47.5 39.2 38.9 37.8 38.6 41.1 29.2 33.8 38.3
Rb 170 166 163 163 166 165 119 136 156
Sc 13.6 12.6 12.8 12.6 13.5 13.2 8.9 11.0 12.3
Sr 224 253 254 254 224 252 175 209 231
Ta 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0
Th 10.2 10.5 11.0 10.6 10.9 10.5 8.6 9.8 10.3
U 3.63 3.65 3.78 3.38 3.81 3.48 2.75 3.13 3.45
V 122 117 116 114 120 119 73 84 108
Y 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.7 10.9 10.7 9.8 10.4 10.6
Zr 62 67 79 75 74 61 53 64 67
La 37.4 39.4 41.7 37.5 39.2 38.0 28.8 31.3 36.7
Ce 79.2 82.7 87.1 79.5 83.4 80.9 61.7 68.0 77.8
Nd 16.1 16.4 16.7 15.6 16.3 16.0 13.2 14.3 15.6
Sm 6.1 6.4 6.4 5.9 6.2 6.1 5.0 5.6 6.0
Eu 1.10 1.12 1.11 1.02 1.07 1.06 0.87 0.98 1.04
Gd 5.52 5.71 5.95 5.46 5.70 5.26 4.49 5.28 5.42
Tb 0.56 0.57 0.62 0.57 0.59 0.56 0.47 0.57 0.56
Yb 1.68 1.74 1.77 1.73 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.99 1.76
Lu 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.29 0.24

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST13 station of the SOT

Sample (cm) 0–3 8–14 18–30 44–46 56–60 100–105 160–165 213–215 Avg.
SiO2 (wt%) 56.44 59.89 69.19 70.48 63.60 60.62 56.48 59.98 62.09
Al2O3 7.17 11.20 8.43 11.00 9.47 11.56 14.83 12.94 10.83
ΣFeO 3.77 6.51 4.37 3.34 3.87 6.71 7.01 5.97 5.19
MgO 2.40 3.52 2.57 1.21 2.58 3.85 3.98 3.50 2.95
CaO 14.78 3.98 4.24 2.91 6.93 2.24 2.16 3.06 5.04
Na2O 1.68 1.43 1.88 3.11 1.68 1.36 1.26 1.47 1.73
K2O 1.46 2.43 1.63 2.10 1.80 3.06 2.85 2.34 2.21
MnO 0.112 0.079 0.073 0.121 0.058 0.100 0.100 0.110 0.094
TiO2 0.45 0.64 0.87 0.52 0.57 0.63 0.58 0.62 0.61
P2O5 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10
LOI 11.28 10.66 6.10 5.59 9.16 9.30 10.06 9.41 8.95
Total 99.640 100.440 99.499 100.456 99.827 99.534 99.402 99.495
Ba (ppm) 386 485 380 415 406 462 424 434 424
Co 12.4 12.0 9.2 6.5 10.9 13.8 13.2 12.0 11.2
Cr 47.9 76.3 57.9 16.5 49.8 84.8 78.4 70.8 60.3
Cu 15 30 17 11 12 27 27 23 20
Li 33.2 61.2 32.8 26.2 39.0 76.8 75.9 63.9 51.1
Nb 10.1 12.7 14.4 6.9 11.0 12.1 9.7 12.2 11.1
Ni 31.0 39.2 23.9 13.2 26.0 37.9 37.3 33.2 30.2
Rb 89 154 95 88 104 166 163 143 125
Sc 6.7 11.2 8.4 8.6 7.9 14.7 11.8 11.1 10.1
Sr 356 198 171 163 239 118 97 139 185
Ta 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7
Th 5.7 8.9 9.8 6.1 7.2 10.3 8.1 9.5 8.2
U 1.54 1.78 1.95 2.00 1.82 2.17 1.78 2.13 1.90
V 57 102 67 41 68 107 98 90 79
Y 9.3 9.9 10.5 11.8 9.7 10.0 9.7 9.8 10.1
Zr 42 52 61 106 47 49 38 48 55
La 23.8 29.6 48.9 19.9 27.9 30.5 27.8 30.8 29.9
Ce 51.2 65.5 102.9 46.1 59.4 68.0 62.2 68.4 65.5
Nd 11.4 13.8 20.9 11.1 12.9 14.4 13.1 14.3 14.0
Sm 4.1 5.2 8.1 4.7 4.8 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.4
Eu 0.79 0.98 1.20 0.89 0.87 0.98 0.91 1.02 0.96
Gd 4.20 4.93 7.18 4.59 5.00 5.60 4.56 5.27 5.17
Tb 0.44 0.50 0.67 0.59 0.49 0.54 0.45 0.53 0.53
Yb 1.25 1.55 1.71 2.56 1.43 1.53 1.41 1.62 1.64
Lu 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.39 0.21 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.24

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST2 station of the SOT

Sample (cm) 0 30 50 80 Avg.
SiO2 (wt%) 57.85 57.06 56.48 57.56 57.24
Al2O3 15.54 16.36 16.20 16.97 16.27
ΣFeO 6.65 6.77 6.63 6.44 6.62
MgO 3.43 3.51 3.50 3.53 3.49
CaO 2.18 2.52 2.75 2.78 2.56
Na2O 1.38 1.45 1.36 1.35 1.39
K2O 2.61 2.73 2.69 2.71 2.68
MnO 0.663 0.101 0.084 0.077 0.231
TiO2 0.74 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.69
P2O5 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13
LOI 8.89 8.69 9.09 9.00 8.92
Total 100.094 99.998 99.571 101.213
Ba (ppm) 657 584 620 593 613
Co 14.8 14.0 14.2 14.0 14.3
Cr 90.6 85.7 90.0 85.2 87.9
Cu 56 35 34 34 40
Li 69.2 65.5 69.2 67.9 67.9
Nb 18.1 18.2 16.8 18.0 17.8
Ni 44.6 40.4 43.0 40.8 42.2
Rb 189 184 189 188 187
Sc 14.5 14.4 13.8 14.2 14.2
Sr 177 173 173 187 178
Ta 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.2
Th 12.2 9.7 11.0 11.3 11.1
U 2.06 1.81 1.84 1.91 1.91
V 140 134 129 127 133
Y 10.4 10.7 10.3 10.4 10.4
Zr 61 67 50 58 59
La 39.8 39.2 37.0 39.2 38.8
Ce 85.6 83.6 80.9 84.7 83.7
Nd 16.2 16.0 15.8 16.1 16.0
Sm 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.1
Eu 1.12 1.08 1.12 1.09 1.10
Gd 5.66 5.17 5.40 5.45 5.42
Tb 0.55 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.55
Yb 1.74 1.67 1.61 1.66 1.67
Lu 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.22

Major and trace element compositions of cored sediments in the ST11 station of the SOT

Sample (cm) 0–2.5 20–25 80–85 133–138 190–195 235–240 Avg.
SiO2 (wt%) 59.10 55.16 55.10 55.89 62.73 67.10 59.18
Al2O3 14.27 13.91 14.52 13.76 11.82 9.06 12.89
ΣFeO 8.76 6.67 7.14 7.04 5.70 3.93 6.54
MgO 2.98 4.04 3.78 3.83 3.45 2.65 3.46
CaO 3.37 2.73 2.67 2.70 3.12 5.39 3.33
Na2O 1.48 1.21 1.13 1.24 1.59 1.76 1.40
K2O 1.89 2.94 2.77 3.02 2.44 1.92 2.50
MnO 0.239 0.165 0.142 0.134 0.111 0.081 0.145
TiO2 0.72 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.65 0.54 0.67
P2O5 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11
LOI 8.72 11.5 11.4 10.87 8.18 6.96 9.61
Total 101.656 99.157 99.436 99.292 99.908 99.499
Ba (ppm) 469 516 429 528 466 401 468
Co 14.7 15.2 12.6 13.9 12.5 11.0 13.3
Cr 80.4 95.4 82.8 90.4 76.6 62.7 81.4
Cu 53 40 32 35 27 16 34
Li 48.2 77.5 64.4 74.9 59.8 36.8 60.3
Nb 11.5 14.0 11.6 13.3 12.7 10.8 12.3
Ni 41.3 44.7 39.5 42.1 35.9 31.5 39.1
Rb 132 184 151 178 145 101 149
Sc 9.4 14.0 11.6 13.1 11.4 7.9 11.2
Sr 165 154 126 153 147 180 154
Ta 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9
Th 7.7 9.9 8.2 11.4 7.8 7.7 8.8
U 1.46 2.28 1.77 2.37 1.71 1.71 1.88
V 90 123 103 117 99 64 99
Y 9.8 10.3 9.8 10.1 9.9 9.6 9.9
Zr 43 57 48 51 46 42 48
La 31.5 34.4 28.6 33.4 32.0 30.3 31.7
Ce 65.6 73.3 61.2 73.0 69.6 64.2 67.8
Nd 14.0 14.9 12.6 15.0 14.7 14.1 14.2
Sm 5.3 5.6 4.7 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.4
Eu 0.95 0.99 0.81 1.03 0.98 0.91 0.95
Gd 4.64 4.95 4.03 5.52 4.84 5.17 4.86
Tb 0.47 0.49 0.41 0.55 0.49 0.49 0.48
Yb 1.50 1.68 1.42 1.68 1.46 1.38 1.52
Lu 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.25 0.20 0.21 0.21
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Chemia, Chemia, inne, Nauki o Ziemi, Nauki o Ziemi, inne, Nauki biologiczne, Nauki biologiczne, inne
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