In the Tortuous Shadows of Ethnic Policies: Two Case Studies of Chinese Cultural Heritage in Indonesia and Malaysia

Abalahin, Andrew J. 2005. “A Sixth Religion? Confucianism and the Negotiation of Indonesian-Chinese Identity under the Pancasila State.” In Andrew C. Willford and Kenneth M. George, eds., Spirited Politics. Religion and Public Life in Contemporary Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 119–142. Search in Google Scholar

Alkatiri, Zeffry, Vincentia Irmayanti, and Adrianus L. G. Waworuntu. 2015. “The Failure of Indonesian Integration in the Reform Era: A Case of Semarang’s Chinese Community.” International Journal of Social Science Studies, 3 (2), pp. 61–70. Search in Google Scholar

Anonymous. 1976. 1876–1976 Buku Peringatan H.U.T. ke 100, Rasa Dharma d/h Boen Hian Tong, Semarang [Commemorating hundred years of Rasa Dharma/Boen Hian Tong, 1876–1976, Semarang]. Search in Google Scholar

Ashworth, Gregory J., Brian Graham, and John E. Tunbridge. 2007. Pluralising Pasts: Heritage, Identity and Place in Multicultural Societies. London: Pluto Press. Search in Google Scholar

Atsumi, Saeku. 2003. “The Repeal of Rent Control in Malaysia.” Cornell Real Estate Review, 2, pp. 29–38. Search in Google Scholar

Berman, Evan M., ed. 2011. Public Administration in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Macau. Boca Raton: CRC Press.10.1201/b10266 Search in Google Scholar

Bonacich, Edna. 1973. “A Theory of Middleman Minorities.” American Sociological Review, 38, pp. 583–594. Search in Google Scholar

Cheng, Edmund W., Anthony H. F. Li, and Shu-Yu Ma. 2014. “Resistance, Engagement, and Heritage Conservation by Voluntary Sector: The Case of Penang in Malaysia.” Modern Asian Studies, 48, pp. 617–644. Search in Google Scholar

Chin, James. 2011. “History and Context of Public Administration in Malaysia.” In Evan M. Berman, ed., Public Administration in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Macau. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 141–153. Search in Google Scholar

Chirot, Daniel and Anthony Reid, eds. 1997. Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Search in Google Scholar

Collins, Alan. 2006. “Chinese Educationalists in Malaysia: Defenders of Chinese Identity.” Asian Survey, 2 (46), pp. 298–318. Search in Google Scholar

Coppel, Charles A. 2002. Studying Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Singapore: Society of Asian Studies. Search in Google Scholar

Coppel, Charles, A. 2013. “Diaspora and Hybridity Peranakan Chinese Culture in Indonesia.” In Chee-Beng Tan, ed., Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 345–358. Search in Google Scholar

De Bernardi, Jean. 2009. Penang: Rites of Belonging in a Malaysian Chinese Community. Singapore: NUS Press. Search in Google Scholar

Ganesan, N. 2012. “Hindraf’s Contribution to Adjust and Progress Social Values within Malaysian Society.” Paper presented at the conference “Institutionalized Racism in Malaysia” on January 17. Kuala Lumpur Chinese Assembly Hall. Search in Google Scholar

Graezer Bideau, Florence and Mondher Kilani. 2009. “Chinese Clan Jetties of Penang: How Margins are Becoming Part of a World Cultural Heritage.” Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, 3, pp. 143–166. Search in Google Scholar

Hara, Fujio. 2003. Malayan Chinese and China: Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945–1957. Singapore: Singapore University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Hashim, Harun. 1997. “Of Heritage and Rent-Controlled Buildings.” PHT newsletter, 35/36. Penang Heritage Trust. Search in Google Scholar

Heidhues, Mary Somers. 2003. “Bystanders, Participants, Victims: The Chinese in Java and West Kalimantan 1945–1946.” Paper presented at the conference “Changing Regimes and Shifting Loyalties: Identity and Violence in the Early Revolution,” on June 25–27. Amsterdam, NIOD. Search in Google Scholar

Holst, Frederik. 2012. Ethnicization and Identity Construction in Malaysia. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203121955 Search in Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald L. 1975. “Ethnic Identity.” In Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds., Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 111–140. Search in Google Scholar

Husin, W. H. W. 2012. “Cultural Clash between the Malays and Chinese in Malaysia: An Analysis on the Formation and Implementation of National Cultural Policy.” 2012 International Conference on Humanity, History and Society, IPEDR, 34. Singapore: IACSIT Press, pp. 1–6. Search in Google Scholar

Italiaander, Rolf, ed. 1976. Indonesiens verantwortliche Gesellschaft. Erlangen: Verlag der Ev.-Luth. Mission. Search in Google Scholar

Ji, Kok Hu. 1997. “Malaysian Chinese Folk Religion: With Special Reference to Weizhen Gong in Kuala Lumpur.” In Cheu Hock Tong, ed., Chinese Beliefs and Practices in Southeast Asia: Studies on the Chinese Religion in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, pp. 103–142. Search in Google Scholar

Khoo, Su Nin. 2007. Streets of George Town Penang: An Illustrated Guide to Penang’s City Streets and Historic Attractions. 4th ed. Penang: Areca Books. Search in Google Scholar

Khoo, Salma Nasution. 2010. “The ‘Street of Harmony’ in the George Town World Heritage Site.” In François Ruegg and Andrea Boscoboinik, eds., From Palermo to Penang / De Palerme à Penang: A Journey into Political Anthropology / Un Itinéraire en Anthropologie Politique. Berlin: LIT Verlag, pp. 283–295. Search in Google Scholar

Küchler, Johannes. 1968. Penang. Kulturlandschaftswandel und ethnisch-soziale Struktur einer Insel Malaysias. Giessen: Wilhelm Schmidt Verlag. Search in Google Scholar

Li, Peter S. and Eva Xiaoling Li. 2013. “The Chinese Overseas Population.” In Chee-Beng Tan, ed., Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 15–28. Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Hong. 2011. China and the Shaping of Indonesia 1949–1965. Singapore: NUS Press in Association with Kyoto University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Muzaffar, Chandra. 2002. Rights, Religion and Reform: Enhancing Human Dignity through Spiritual and Moral Transformation. London and New York: Routledge Curzon. Search in Google Scholar

Panggabean, Samsu Rizal and Benjamin Smith. 2011. “Explaining Anti-Chinese Riots in Late 20th Century Indonesia.” World Development, 39 (2), pp. 231–242. Search in Google Scholar

Purcell, Victor. 1965. The Chinese in Southeast Asia. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Shamsul, A. B. and Daud Sity. 2006. “Nation, Ethnicity, and the Contending Discourse in the Malaysian State.” In Richard Boyd and Tak-Wing Ngo, eds., State Making in Asia. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 134–143. Search in Google Scholar

Skinner, G. William. 1959. “Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 321, pp. 136–147. Search in Google Scholar

Suryadinata, Leo. 2001. “Chinese Politics in post-Suharto’s Indonesia: Beyond the Ethnic Approach?” Asian Survey, 41 (3), pp. 502–524. Search in Google Scholar

Suryadinata, Leo. 2005. Pribumi Indonesians, the Chinese Minority and China: A Study of Perceptions and Politics. Singapore: Times Academic Press. Search in Google Scholar

Suryadinata, Leo. 2013. “Southeast Asian Policies toward the Ethnic Chinese.” In Chee-Beng Tan, ed., Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 274–289. Search in Google Scholar

Szabó, Anna Gabriella. 2015. “Ethnic Policies Toward People of Chinese Descent in Indonesia and Malaysia.” M.A. Thesis, University of Vienna, Austria. Search in Google Scholar

Tahir, Ibrahim, ed. 2008. Peranakan Museum A–Z Guide. Singapore: KHL Printing. Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Chee Beng. 2012. “Shantang, Charitable Temples in China, Singapore, and Malaysia.” Asian Ethnology, 71 (1), pp. 75–107. Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Chee-Beng, ed. 2013. Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora. London and New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203100387 Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Chee-Beng. 2018. Chinese Religion in Malaysia: Temples and Communities. Boston and Leiden: Brill. Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Mély, G. 1991. “The Social and Cultural Dimensions of the Role of Ethnic Chinese in Indonesian Society.” The Role of the Indonesian Chinese in Shaping Modern Indonesian Life. Special issue of Indonesia. Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University, pp. 113–125. Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Sooi Beng. 2008. “Activism in Southeast Asian Ethnomusicology: Empowering Youths to Revitalize Traditions and Bridge Cultural Barriers.” Musicological Annual, 44, pp. 69–84. Search in Google Scholar

Teske, Raymond H. C. and Bardin Nelson H. 1974. “Acculturation and Assimilation: A Clarification.” American Ethnologist, 1 (2), pp. 351–367. Search in Google Scholar

Tio, Jongkie. 2013. Semarang City: A Glance into the Past. 2nd ed. Semarang: self-published. Search in Google Scholar

Trustees of Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi. 2003. Discovery Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi. 2nd ed. Penang: Viviar Printing. Search in Google Scholar

Walker, Kirsty. 2012. “Intimate Interactions: Eurasian Family Histories in Colonial Penang.” Modern Asian Studies, 46 (2), pp. 303–329. Search in Google Scholar

Watson Andaya, Barbara and Leonard Y. Andaya. 2001. A History of Malaysia. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave. Search in Google Scholar

Wijayanti, Widya, Dyah Wijaya Dewi, Adji Nugroho, and Thomas Nugroho. 2014. Pasar Imlek SEMAWIS CIA GWEE 2565, 27-29 Januari 2014 Wot Gandul Timur – Gang Pinggir, Sema-rang [New Year Festival – Kopi Semawis traditional market in the lunar year of 2565, January 27-29, 2014, East Wot Gandul Area – Gang Pinggir, Semarang]. Semarang: Certakan Pertama. Search in Google Scholar

Willmott, Donald. 1960. The Chinese of Semarang: A Changing Minority Community in Indonesia. New York: Cornell University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Winzeler, Robert, L. 2011. The Peoples of Southeast Asia Today: Ethnography, Ethnology, and Change in a Complex Region. Maryland: AltaMira Press. Search in Google Scholar

Zainal, Aznam Yusof. 2006. “Policy Brief 13.” Overseas Development Institute. Online: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/4078.pdf (accessed: December 17, 2020). Search in Google Scholar